Immunology definitions - Passive immunity, acquired immunity

Question 1

I have attached a link to good modules which explain vaccination very well (but it is v long) -

https://learn.nes.nhs.scot/2216/promoting-effective-immunisation-practice-peip

How does a vaccination provide a person with immunisation to a pathogen?

Answer 1

Giving the vaccine stimulates your immune system so that it can recognise the disease and protect you from it in the future This now means you have immunisation

Question 2

There are two types of immune system Innate immunity and acquired immunity Which is non-specific and does not have a memory (not enhanced by previous exposure to antigen)

Answer 2

The innate immunity is non-specific

Question 3

Why is the acquired immunity specific?

Answer 3

It has components that can recognise variation in foreign material and therefore has a memory

Question 4

What is an example of a disease where the acquired immunity develops due to previous exposure?

Answer 4

Chicken pox

Question 5

What produces antibodies in response to infection?

Answer 5

B-lymphocytes

Question 6

Immunity can be acquired via active and passive immunity

What are the two forms of active immunity?

Answer 6

Natural Infection or Artificial immunisation

Question 7

What are the two forms of passive immunity?

Answer 7

Natural transplacental transfer from mother to foetus or Atificial human IgG

Question 8

What antibody is passed via placenta? Which is given via breast milk?

Answer 8

IgG is transferred from mother t foetus via placenta

IgA is transferred via breast milk

Question 9

Define extinction?

Answer 9

The specific infections no longer exists in nature or laboratory

Question 10

Eradication: Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent as a result of deliberate efforts; intervention measures are no longer needed Give an example of a disease which is eradicated?

Answer 10

Smallpox

Question 11

What is meant by herd immunity?

Answer 11

Indirect protection of a population provided by immunisation a %, causing slow/prevention of the spread of infection

Question 12

What type of vaccine is a weakened live form given to produce a natural immune response? Give an example

Answer 12

Live attenuated vaccine examples- measles, mumps, rubella

Question 13

What is meant by an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 13

made by inactivating or killing the virus. inactivated vaccines still have the antigens necessary to elecit an immune response

Question 14

Give two examples of an inactivated vaccine?

Answer 14

Two examples are pertussis and typhoid

Question 15

What are weakened vaccines that contain toxins of the organism? what are two examples?

Answer 15

Toxoid vaccines two examples are diptheria and tetanus

Question 16

What are the main contraindications to vaccines? (there are 4)

Answer 16

• Acute illness
• Severe/anaphylaxis to previous dose
• Fever greater than 39.5 within 48hrs
• Immunocompromised children

Question 17

Which vaccines contain egg components that people with egg allergy should avoid?

Answer 17

Yellow fever vaccine and Flu vaccine

Question 18

When do people receive the HPV vaccine?

Answer 18

Girls and boys aged 12 to 13 years are offered the human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine as part of the NHS vaccination programme

MSM up to the age of 45 years old

Question 19

What is the name for the HPV vaccine and what subtypes of HPV does it protect against?

Answer 19

Gardasil is the name Protects against subtypes 6,11,16and18

Question 20

What vaccine is thought to give more than 70% protection against tuberculosis?

Answer 20

BCG-vaccine (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin)

Question 21

A child and young persons experiences in early life have a crucial impact upon adult health and life chances What are examples of negative effects upon adult life that happened as children?

Answer 21

Deprivation Not being told they were loved Abuse Bad role models

Question 22

In 6-8 weeks of a babies life, who comes to visit the baby to screen?

Answer 22

The health visitor and the GP Just to make sure the baby is developing okay