IMMUNOLOGY DEFINITIONS

Question 1

what is the first line of defence?

examples

Answer 1

Barriers that prevent pathogens from entering the body

Eg: skin, saliva, urine, tears

Question 2

what is the immune system?

Answer 2

the immune system includes the skin, fever and specialized white blood cells to fight off the diseases.

Question 3

what is bacterium?

examples

Answer 3

Bacterium is a single-celled microbe without a nucleus.

E.coil is a type of bacteria that causes disease by attaching to cells that release toxins

Question 4

what is a chemical barrier?

examples.

Answer 4

A defence that kills pathogens before they can enter the body.

Eg: stomach acid and enzymes in saliva and tears are examples of chemicals barriers

Question 5

what is herd immunity?

Answer 5

herd immunity is the protection from infectious diseases when most of the population is immune and vaccinated. herd immunity protects the unvaccinated community because they are now less likely to be exposed.

Question 6

what is fungus?

Answer 6

fungus is an organism that feeds off a living host.

Question 7

what is cilia and how does it work?

Answer 7

cilia is a microscopic hair cell that line the airways they push up the mucus and trapped pathogens from entering the airways and lungs

Question 8

what is immunity?

Answer 8

immunity is the bodies abbility to protect its self from infection. the body can become immune to disease and infection by getting vaccinated

Question 9

what is infection?

Answer 9

infection is an invasion of the body by pathogens that then can multiply.

Question 10

how can infection get into the body?

Answer 10

infection can be caused by our eyes, mouth, nose, lungs or any undressed and open wounds.

Question 11

what is a disease?

examples

Answer 11

a disease is a medical condition with its own specific symptoms.

Question 12

what is the difference between a non infections and infectious disease.

Answer 12

infectious diseases are chickenpox or non-infectious such as cancer.

Question 13

what are contagious diseases?

example

Answer 13

A contagious disease is a medical cindition that can spread from person to person by pathogens.

Measles is a highly contagious disease because one person can spread it to as many as 18 people.

Question 14

what are antibodys?

Answer 14

a proten that can identify and fight a spasific pathogen.

Question 15

what is the production of antibodies?

Answer 15

antibodies are produced by B-cells and are specialized to fight one type of pathogen.

Question 16

what are B-cells how do they work?

Answer 16

B-cells are white blood cells that produce proteins to attack pathogens.

When a B-cell finds a matching pathogen it clones its self and produces antibodies to fight the infection.

Question 17

what is a fever? what does it do?

Answer 17

An increased feaver in the core body temperature over an extended time.

a feaver helps fight an infection by slowly killing pathogens.

Question 18

what is the infection rate?

Answer 18

infection rate is the percentage of unvaccinated people who become infected with disease. when the rate is high when people are not vaccinated.

Question 19

what are infectious diseases?

Answer 19

A medical condition that is caused by a pathogen

Chickenpox and the flu are examples of infectious diseases.

Question 20

what is imflemation?

Answer 20

A painful redness or swelling of part of the body

Question 21

what are memory cells?

Answer 21

A B cell that remains in the bloodstream to recognize pathogens

Question 22

what are microbes?

Answer 22

An organism that is too small to be seen with the naked eye

Question 23

what is mucus?

Answer 23

A sticky liquid that lines the nose, throat, lungs and intestines

Snot is the mucus produced by a special membrane in the nose.

Question 24

what are non-contagious diseases?

Answer 24

A medical condition that cannot spread from person to person

The yellow fever virus passes from mosquitoes to people but cannot spread from person to person.

Question 25

what is the vaccination rate?

Answer 25

The percentage of a population that is vaccinated against a disease

A high vaccination rate can provide herd immunity by preventing a disease from spreading to vulnerable people.

Question 26

what is a non-infectious disease?

Answer 26

A medical condition that is not caused by a pathogen

Diabetes, asthma and cancer are examples of non-infectious diseases.

Question 27

what is a pathogen?

Answer 27

A microscopic organism or agent that causes disease

Question 28

what is a phagocyte?

Answer 28

A white blood cell that engulfs and destroys pathogens

Phagocytes help fight infections by engulfing and breaking down viruses and bacteria.

Question 29

what are physical barriers?

Answer 29

A defence that blocks or traps pathogens before they can enter the body

Skin, mucus and cilia are examples of physical barriers.

Question 30

what is the second line of defence?

Answer 30

General responses to pathogens inside the body

The second line of defence includes fever, inflammation and phagocytes.

Question 31

what is the third line of defence?

Answer 31

Responses to specific pathogens inside the body that build immunity

The third line of defence includes B cells, memory cells and antibodies.

Question 32

what are vaccinations?

Answer 32

A treatment that helps build immunity to an infectious disease

Most vaccinations are given by injection but some are given by mouth or as a nasal spray.

Question 33

what is a vaccine?

Answer 33

A substance that boosts the body’s immunity to a specific pathogen

Vaccines can be made from dead or weakened pathogens and cause the body to make new antibodies.

Question 34

what is a virus?

Answer 34

A microscopic infectious agent made of genetic material and proteins

Question 35

what are white blood cells?

examples

Answer 35

white blood cells fights infections out of the body

Phagocytes, B cells and memory cells are types of specialized white blood cells.

Question 36

what is an agent?

Answer 36

agents are used to fight and kill of pathogens.