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Immunology > Immunology -based therapy > Flashcards

Immunology -based therapy Flashcards

1
Q

the transfer of tissue/organ from one individual to another to treat disease

A

transplantation

  • most common is kidney
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2
Q

specialized form of transplantation that involves blood cells/products

A

transfusion

  • blood transfusion, could also do platelets, hemapoeitic stem cells etc
    most common is for RBC to be transfused
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3
Q

there are immunological barriers to transfusions and transplantations

…. in protein-coding genes are the primary immunologic barriers to transplantation

A

polymorphisms

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4
Q

Transplant rejection is caused by an immune response to the … tissue.

A

transplanted

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5
Q

.. proteins are the most important determinants of an allogeneic immune response - they are the most polymorphic

A

MHC (HLA)

  • recognized by T cells
  • very polymorphic - many diff types over 5000 alleles
  • comes in class I and class II
  • bc of the diversity and recognition they are the major immunological barrier to transplantation
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6
Q

a type of immune response bc of a difference in a polymorphism between two proteins - leads to rejection of transplants

A

allogeneic immune response

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7
Q

Blood cells have carbohydrate antigens on their surfaces - these are the antigens that determine ABO blood type. Some people have A, others B, none or A/B.
Individuals can have pre-formed ‘natural’ … antibodies that are specific for the A and B blood group antigens.
Ex: if you are blood type A you will have natural antibody for B
type O will have both anti a&B
person with both A/B will have neither

A

IgM

These natural antibodies can cause transfusion reactions

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8
Q

Although many different kinds of immune cells are probably involved in transplant rejection, the importance of HLA (MHC) alleles encoding class I and class II proteins suggests that … are key mediators of transplant rejection

A

T cells

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9
Q

what two immune mechanisms are commonly associated with transfusion reactions? IgM antibodies recognize blood group antigens and do two things.

A

IgM antibodies opsonize the transfused cells and activate complement to the recognized carbohydrate antigen.

Ex: if type B person gets transfused A - anti-A will come in and opsonize and activate complement

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10
Q

the antigens of the ABO blood groups are …

A

carbohydrates on surface of RBCs

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11
Q

Immune responses to transplanted tissues can be avoided by minimizing differences between individuals. …. is used to reduce the risk of transplant rejection

A

HLA Matching

  • matching the MHC (HLA) proteins of recipient and donor
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12
Q

clinicians treat patients with … that can block T cell activation or kill lymphocytes

reduces chance of transplant rejection

A

immunosuppressive drugs

  • ex: cyclosporin, rapamycin
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13
Q

the best way to avoid transfusion reactions is to match blood types of donor and recipient such that the donor will not have antigens that recipient can recognize with antibodies - this is called ..

A

blood typing

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14
Q

… can be used to test whether there will be a transfusion reaction between donor and recipient. Take blood serums of recipient & patient and test in lab for antigens.

A

cross-matching

  • testing if someone has preformed antibodies to antigens
  • can be done with RBC, leukocytes etc.
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15
Q

which blood type is known as the “universal donor’ and can be safely transfused to any individual

A

blood type O

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16
Q

patient infected by virus -> production of antibodies for that virus
another patient is sick but body has not created antibodies
transfer of useful antibodies for virus to another person

A

passive immunotherapy

  • expensive
  • was used in Ebola outbreak W Africa
17
Q

… is the introduction of DNA encoding an antibody into individuals. This creates antibodies that could be protective against a microbe.
Taking antibody for a disease form a person and extracting its DNA to put in a vector and place in another human so they could develop antibody and fight disease

A

vectored immunoprophylaxis

  • inexpensive
  • once you make gene you can inject in many ppl to be protected
18
Q

… are created by introducing into T cells a DNA sequence that contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling components of the T cell receptor. have been used to treat some types of cancer.

  • commonly used for treatment of patients with B cell leukemias
A

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells

19
Q

immunological approach to cancer therapy:
…. involves searching for antigens that uniquely occur in a tumor (due to mutations that are part of the tumorigenic process) and are capable of binding to host MHC on tumor.
Once you introduce the mutant peptide as an immunogen, it will be captured by DCs, and placed on MHC molecule. This activates T cells in host to expand and be capable of binding to peptide on MHC on tumor and kill it.

A

neoantigen discovery

*patient-specific vaccine therapy

20
Q

immunological approach to cancer therapy:
…. is the reactivation of existing T cells that are nonfunctional due to inhibitory signaling. This is accomplished by blocking inhibitory receptors, which rejuvenates exhausted T cells.

cancer cell, immunogenic, T cells already made to recognize mutant peptide. Co-inhibitory receptor on tumor cell blocks signaling to T cell.
To get around this- make antibodies to block inhibitory receptor so T cell could bind and kill tumor.

A

checkpoint blockade
- administration of antibodies to activate T cells

  • blocking of an inhibitory receptor
  • rejuvenation of exhausted T cells
21
Q

transplant of skin from one part of body to another

A

graft

22
Q

a procedure in which a tissue sample is removed for pathology testing

A

biopsy

23
Q

a generic medical term that describes part of a tissue or organ that is damaged or abnormal

A

lesion

24
Q

an abnormal aggregation of cells in the body

A

nodule

25
Q

surgical removal of all or some of an organ or structure

A

resection

26
Q

the tissue surrounding a tumor that is removed along with the tumor during a resection procedure
* tissue usually tested by pathologist for evidence of cancer cells, etc.

A

margins

27
Q

aggressive type of canceroccurs when the pigment-producing cells that give color to the skin become cancerous. can travel thru lymph or blood circulation to start new tumors in body usually liver, lungs, lymph

  • cancer with immune response
  • T cells can recognize the tumor - made use of checkpoint blockade for therapy
A

metastatic melanoma

28
Q

… is a diagnostic imaging procedure that uses a combination of X-rays and computer technology to produce images of the inside of the body. It shows detailed images of any part of the body, including the bones, muscles, fat, organs and blood vessels. More detailed than standard X-rays

A

CT scan

Immunology (10 decks)

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