Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych Nursing > Immunology AC > Flashcards

Immunology AC Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Nursing Mental Health flashcards Nursing Management of Care flashcards NCLEX-PN® flashcards NCLEX-RN® flashcards Psychology 101 flashcards Nursing Fundamentals flashcards GRE® Psychology flashcards Nursing Pediatrics flashcards Nursing Safety & Infection flashcards Nursing Pharmacology flashcards
1
Q

Function of the immune system

A

Protect the host (body) against environmental agents or organism. It is an organized series of actions in response to a pathological organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Intention of the immune system

A

To destroy or neutralize the invader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The immune system identifies and destroys __________ and _________

A

Dead cells and malignant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Organs of the immune system

A

Bone marrow, thymus gland, spleen, and lymph system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which organ is the cell production center?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

B and T cells are generated in the ________from_______

A

Bone marrow from stem cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where do B cells mature and differentiate?

A

Bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is WBC stand for?

A

White Blood Cells or Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which cells participate in natural and acquired response?

A

WBC or Leukocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the spleen do?

A

Filters the blood looking for foreign cells, stores different defense cells, stores RBC’s, and breaks down old RBC’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the lymph system do?

A

Drains and filters fluids to detect and remove bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Components of the lymph system

A

Lymph nodes and mucosal lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is also called an antibody generator?

A

An antigen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is an antigen

A

A substance recognized as foreign or “no self” by immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is an antigen capable of?

A

Capable of triggering an adaptive (specific) immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the 4 stages of the immune response?

A

I. Recognition stage, II. Proliferation stage, III. Response stage, and IV. Effector stage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens in the recognition stage?

A

Antigens are recognized by circulating lymphocytes and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What happens in the proliferation stage

A

The dormant lymphocytes proliferate and differentiate into cytotoxic (killer) T cells or B cells responsible for formation and release of antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens in the response stage

A

The cytotoxic T cells and B cells perform cellular and hormonal functions respectively

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What happens in the effector stage

A

Antigens are destroyed or neutralized through the action of antibodies, complement, macrophages, and cytotoxic T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is an antibody also called

A

Immunoglobulin (a large PR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Antibodies or immunoglobulins are formed in response to what?

A

In response to specific antigens by B lymphocytes (cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How do antibodies or immunoglobulins tag and/or inactivate antigens?

A

Phagocytosis, precipitation, neutralization, lysis, agglutination, opzonization.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

The immune response is divided in 2 categories

A

Innate (natural) immunity and adaptive (acquired) immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Characteristics of innate(natural) immunity

A

1st line of defense after antigen exposure with an inflammatory response, non-specific (no memory), we are born with it➡️has genetic influence, ⬇️ tissue damage and work of the adaptive immune system, includes skin and mucosa barriers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Characteristics of adaptive (acquired) immunity:

A

Specific to an antigen (has memory), it is a systematic response, 2 types: passive and active.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is passive adaptive (acquired) immunity?

A

Temporary immunity and produced by a source outside the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Examples of passive adaptive (acquired) immunity?

A

Immune globulins (antitoxin, snake venom antitoxin, HBIG-Hepatitis B immunoglobulins) and maternal antibodies transferred via placenta or breastmilk.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Phagocytosis immune response primary involves _______and it is the ________ response to most invading organism

A

WBC and it is the initial response for most invading organism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Humoral response involves…

A

B-lymphocytes and production of Immunoglobulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Types of immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgE, IgD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Cell mediated response is initiated by ________

A

T-lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Leukocytes are the key in _____ of the immune response

A

Initiation

35
Q

Where are Leukocytes produced? And from which cell?

A

Bone marrow from the hematopoietic stem cell

36
Q

What are the 3 major groups of Leukocytes ?

A

Granulocytes, {monocytes, lymphocytes} agranulocytes

37
Q

What are the 3 major groups of granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

38
Q

Which granulocytes are the first line of defense?

A

Neutrophils

39
Q

Which granulocytes are the first to respond to bacterial infections and are phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils

40
Q

Which granulocytes elevate with allergic reactions and parasitic infections?

A

Eosinophils

41
Q

Which granulocyte are releases during acute hypersensitivity or stress ?

A

Basophils

42
Q

If somebody has an infectious process what do expect to see leukopenia or Leukocytosis?

A

Leukocytosis

43
Q

What are the 2 types of agranulocytes?

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

44
Q

Another way to call monocytes is?

A

Macrophages

45
Q

What type of cell are monocytes or macrophages?

A

Phagocytic

46
Q

What agranulocyte responds primarily to viral infections and cancer cells?

A

Lymphocytes

47
Q

What are the 3 types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK lymphocytes

48
Q

What kind of response is the inflammatory response? Specific of nonspecific?

A

Nonspecific

49
Q

Which are the two major parts that inflammatory response is divided into?

A

Vascular response and cellular response

50
Q

In which kind of inflammatory response there is vasodilation secondary to the release of mediators like histamine and kinins

A

Vascular response

51
Q

What is the result of the inflammatory vascular response?

A

Redness, edema, and fluid exudate that is high in protein in insterstitial space d/t cell membrane permeability

52
Q

What is pus?

A

Dead Leukocytes (WBC) from the body’s immune system in response to infection

53
Q

In which type of inflammatory response there is a migration of Leukocytes to the injury site

A

Cellular response

54
Q

Which Leukocytes migrate to the injury site during the cellular response

A

Neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages

55
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Engulfing of the pathogen

56
Q

What Leukocytes are primarily involved in phagocytosis?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

57
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Redness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function

58
Q

Causes of inflammation

A

Mechanical injuries(surgeries), physical damage (burns), chemical injury (toxins), m.o. (Bacteria), extremes (hot or cold), immunologic responses (hypersensitivity), ischemic damage (trauma)

59
Q

Causes of infection

A

Organism (pathogen) is able to colonize and multiply within host

60
Q

Examples of organisms (pathogen)

A

Bacteria, viruses, mycoplasma, rickettsia, chlamydia, fungi and parasite

61
Q

Two of the classic hypersensitivities that cause inflammation

A

Bee sting and peanuts

62
Q

How long should you leave hot or cold applications

A

No more than 20 minutes

63
Q

Risk factors for infection can also______

A

Impair healing

64
Q

Environmental risk factors for infection

A

Lifestyles, chronic diseases, drug therapy

65
Q

What are some of the environmental risk factors for infection

A

Excessive ETOH, smoking, travel outside US. Air, water, food quality. Poor nutrition

66
Q

What are the chronic diseases that are risco factors for infections?

A

Diabetes, renal insufficiency, chronic lung disease, adrenal insufficiency

67
Q

What drug therapies put you at risk for infection

A

Immunosuppressive agents like corticosteroids and chemotherapy

68
Q

What are the two classifications for corticosteroids

A

Anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive.

69
Q

Teaching for patients taking corticosteroids

A

Avoid crowds, wash hands, osteoporosis is a possibility with long term use of corticosteroids, watch glucose level because corticosteroids can increase levels, don’t stop the medication abruptly, long term use can cause cataracts, s/s of infection and to report them

70
Q

What are the two types of tissue inflammation?

A

Acute and chronic

71
Q

Which type of tissue inflammation is self-limiting with process lasting less than 2 weeks

A

Acute tissue inflammation

72
Q

What are the localized manifestations of acute tissue inflammation

A

Erythema, local warmth, edema, pain, loss of function r/t affected site

73
Q

Which type of tissue inflammation often results what acute process is ineffective in removing the offensive agent

A

Chronic tissue inflammation

74
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of a systemic infection?

A

FEVER, CHILLS, pain or discomfort, DEHYDRATION, anorexia, vomiting, reddened, inflamed site

75
Q

What are the symptoms of a systemic infection in elderly?

A

CONFUSION, behavioral changes, anorexia, dehydration

76
Q

What interventions do we implement for infections

A

Encourage fluid or IV fluids, antipyretic medication, C & S before antibiotic therapy.

77
Q

Nursing actions for Infection Assessment

A

S&S of infection, environmental history, recent travel or exposure, risky lifestyle or behaviors, nosocomial vs. community acquired

78
Q

Intervention for infections

A

Obtain C & S if indicated, administer medications, encourage fluid intake, infection control measures (isolation precautions, patient education-hand hygiene)

79
Q

Name an common opportunistic infection

A

Clostridium Difficile (C. Diff)

80
Q

C. Diff starts within ________after antibiotic treatment initiated

A

1-2 weeks

81
Q

Nursing interventions for opportunistic infections

A

Collect stool sample, implement contact precautions, administer meds

82
Q

What are the indications when collecting stool sample

A

Do not delay➡️submit to lab, be careful not to contaminate specimen

83
Q

What are the diagnostic done for infection

A

CBC with differential

C&S

Psych Nursing (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions