Immunology

Question 1

What is the function of C3a and C5a

Answer 1

Inflammation in the complement pathway.

They also cause mast cell degranulation and promote vasodilation and increase vascular permeability.

Question 2

What is the function of C3b?

Answer 2

Opsonisation and phagocytosis in the complement pathway.

Question 3

Function of C5b

Answer 3

Causes lysis of microbe by creation of Membrane Attack Complex(MAC)

Question 4

Cytokines produced by macrophages and dendritic cells

Answer 4

TNF, IL1: induce inflammation
IL6: promotes adaptive immune response
IL12: Stimulates NK cell activity. Promotes IFN-y production
IL23: Promotes survival and function of the TH17 cells

Question 5

Cytokines produced in response to a virus

Answer 5

Type 1 IFN(a &b) : Inhibits viral replication and promotes MHC Class 1 and cytotoxic T cells

Question 6

Anti-inflammatory Cytokines

Answer 6

IL10: Inhibits thé production of pro inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells produced by Treg and macrophages

TGF-B: Promotes differentiation to Treg, inhibitor effector T cells function. Produced by Treg and other cell.
In presence of inflammatory cytokines can promote Th17

Question 7

Cytokines produced by T Helper Cells

Answer 7

IL2: Clonal expansion of antigen stimulated T cells; maintains Treg

IL4: Th2 cytokines, includes class switching to IgE

IL5: Activates eosinophils
IL17: Th17 cytokine, promotes neutrophil inflammation in defense to pathogens
IFN-y: produces Th1 cells and promotes activation macrophages to be better killers

Question 8

Signs of inflammation

Answer 8

Redness 
Swelling 
Pain 
Loss of function 
Heat

Question 9

Antibody Isotypes

Answer 9

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
Sometimes IgD

Question 10

IgG

Answer 10

Monomer
They are found in the blood and extra cellular fluid
Function: Long term antibody that protects the body
Can be transferred by the placenta

Question 11

IgA

Answer 11

Monomer
Can be found in the bodily secretions
Functions to protect the external openings
Can be transferred via the colostrum and breastmilk

Question 12

IgM

Answer 12

Pentameter
Can be found in the blood and extra cellular fluid
Function: Appears first
Cannot be transferred to baby

Question 13

IgE

Answer 13

Monomer
They attach to the basophils and mast cells
Function: Allergic response and defend infection by large parasites
Cannot be transferred to baby

Question 14

Treg

Answer 14

They inhibit immune responses.

Important in maintaining self -tolerance

Question 15

Th1

Answer 15

Act on macrophages and are involved in macrophage activation

Role in disease: Autoimmunity; chronic inflammation

Cytokines: IFN-Y

Question 16

Th2

Answer 16

Cytokines: IL4,IL5, IL13
Involved in eosinophil and mast cell activation; alternative macrophage activation
Role in disease: Allergy

Question 17

Th17

Answer 17

Cytokines: IL17, IL22

Used in neutrophil recruitment and activation

Role in disease: Autoimmunity and inflammation

Question 18

Innate cells: Macrophages

Answer 18

Patrols in the tissues
Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
Antigen presentation

Question 19

Innate cell: Neutrophil

Answer 19

Most abundant WBC-multilobed nucleus
Not found in tissue but can be recruited
Have a short lifespan after activation
Function: Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

Question 20

Innate Cells: Monocyte

Answer 20

Function:
Phagocytosis
Production of pro-inflammatory mediators
Recruited to tissue and differentiates into macrophages

Question 21

Innate Cells: Eosinophils

Answer 21

Found in low numbers in blood
Granules contain enzymes that attack the wall of parasites and cause damage to host tissue

Function: Killing antibody Coates parasite
Role in allergic disease

Question 22

Innate Cells: Basophil

Answer 22

Found in low numbers in the blood

Function: Promotion of allergic responses and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

Question 23

Innate Cells: Mast Cells

Answer 23

Not going in blood but in TISSUE
AId in the defence of against parasites. Involved in allergic responses.
Function: Release of granules containing histamine and active agents

Question 24

Innate Cells: Natural Killer Cells

Answer 24

Lymphocyte
Part of the immune system
Can kill host cells eg. Viral
Production of chemical mediators

Function: Release lyric granules that kill some virus infected cells