Immunology Flashcards
What is the function of C3a and C5a
Inflammation in the complement pathway.
They also cause mast cell degranulation and promote vasodilation and increase vascular permeability.
What is the function of C3b?
Opsonisation and phagocytosis in the complement pathway.
Function of C5b
Causes lysis of microbe by creation of Membrane Attack Complex(MAC)
Cytokines produced by macrophages and dendritic cells
TNF, IL1: induce inflammation
IL6: promotes adaptive immune response
IL12: Stimulates NK cell activity. Promotes IFN-y production
IL23: Promotes survival and function of the TH17 cells
Cytokines produced in response to a virus
Type 1 IFN(a &b) : Inhibits viral replication and promotes MHC Class 1 and cytotoxic T cells
Anti-inflammatory Cytokines
IL10: Inhibits thé production of pro inflammatory cytokines by dendritic cells produced by Treg and macrophages
TGF-B: Promotes differentiation to Treg, inhibitor effector T cells function. Produced by Treg and other cell.
In presence of inflammatory cytokines can promote Th17
Cytokines produced by T Helper Cells
IL2: Clonal expansion of antigen stimulated T cells; maintains Treg
IL4: Th2 cytokines, includes class switching to IgE
IL5: Activates eosinophils
IL17: Th17 cytokine, promotes neutrophil inflammation in defense to pathogens
IFN-y: produces Th1 cells and promotes activation macrophages to be better killers
Signs of inflammation
Redness Swelling Pain Loss of function Heat
Antibody Isotypes
IgG IgA IgM IgE Sometimes IgD
IgG
Monomer
They are found in the blood and extra cellular fluid
Function: Long term antibody that protects the body
Can be transferred by the placenta
IgA
Monomer
Can be found in the bodily secretions
Functions to protect the external openings
Can be transferred via the colostrum and breastmilk
IgM
Pentameter
Can be found in the blood and extra cellular fluid
Function: Appears first
Cannot be transferred to baby
IgE
Monomer
They attach to the basophils and mast cells
Function: Allergic response and defend infection by large parasites
Cannot be transferred to baby
Treg
They inhibit immune responses.
Important in maintaining self -tolerance
Th1
Act on macrophages and are involved in macrophage activation
Role in disease: Autoimmunity; chronic inflammation
Cytokines: IFN-Y
Th2
Cytokines: IL4,IL5, IL13
Involved in eosinophil and mast cell activation; alternative macrophage activation
Role in disease: Allergy
Th17
Cytokines: IL17, IL22
Used in neutrophil recruitment and activation
Role in disease: Autoimmunity and inflammation
Innate cells: Macrophages
Patrols in the tissues
Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
Antigen presentation
Innate cell: Neutrophil
Most abundant WBC-multilobed nucleus
Not found in tissue but can be recruited
Have a short lifespan after activation
Function: Phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms
Innate Cells: Monocyte
Function:
Phagocytosis
Production of pro-inflammatory mediators
Recruited to tissue and differentiates into macrophages
Innate Cells: Eosinophils
Found in low numbers in blood
Granules contain enzymes that attack the wall of parasites and cause damage to host tissue
Function: Killing antibody Coates parasite
Role in allergic disease
Innate Cells: Basophil
Found in low numbers in the blood
Function: Promotion of allergic responses and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity
Innate Cells: Mast Cells
Not going in blood but in TISSUE
AId in the defence of against parasites. Involved in allergic responses.
Function: Release of granules containing histamine and active agents
Innate Cells: Natural Killer Cells
Lymphocyte
Part of the immune system
Can kill host cells eg. Viral
Production of chemical mediators
Function: Release lyric granules that kill some virus infected cells
