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TRANSITION Blocks > IMMUNOLOGY > Flashcards

IMMUNOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

What is a granuloma?

A
  • collection of MACROPHAGES and LYMPHOCYTES
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2
Q

How does a granuloma come about?

A
  1. non-specific inflammatory response triggered by antigenic agents
    - activates T-lymphocytes and macrophages
    - —-failure of REMOVAL of stimulus==> OVER PRODN of activated cytokines
    - —> results in organised collection of persistently activated cells
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3
Q

DDX. of lung granuloma?

A
  • SARCOIDOSIS
  • mycobacterial disease (TB/leprosy)
  • berylliosis, silicosis and other dust diseases
  • chronic stage of hypersensitivity
  • Foreign bodies
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4
Q

How do antibody deficiencies present as?

A
  1. RECURRENT BACTERIAL INFECTIONS:
    - recurrent UPPER and LOWER respiratory tract infections
    - RECURRENT GI infections
    - common organisms
    - viral: less common but still
  2. Ab mediated autoimmune diseases (AHA/ ITP)
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5
Q

Which Ab is often deficient?

A

IgA

—–“Selective IgA deficiency”; 2/3s are asymptomatic—-1/3 with recurrent respiratory tract infection

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6
Q

Iary causes of hypogammaglobinaemia?

A
  1. Common Variable Immune Deficiency
  2. Specific Ab def.
  3. bruton’s agammaglobinaemia (NO B cells)
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7
Q

IIary causes of hypogammaglobinaemia?

A
  1. protein loss (enteropathy OR nephrotic syndrome)
  2. Failure of protein synthesis
    - —CLL
    - –MYELOMA
    - –NHL
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8
Q

Which organ in our body is responsible for complement production?

A
  • LIver produces these proteins to ACT as a sticky coat for intruders in order to turbo-boost immediate immune defense
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9
Q

What are the properties of NK cells?

A
  • don’t need antigen specificity
  • NO long-term memory
  • fxn: Kills cells that LACK MHC molecules of the surface
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10
Q

What occurs with NK cell defects?

A
  • recurrent VZV, HSV, CMV, HPV,
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11
Q

What specific pathological cell, does the NK cell also eliminate?

A

Cancer cells

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12
Q

What acts as our bodies’ own BUILT-IN BURGLAR alarm for microbes?

A

TLR’s expressed on phagocytes and dendrites

“toll-like receptors”

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13
Q

What occurs with ACTIVATION of TLR?

A
  • pro-inflammatory cytokines and type 1 interferon secretion
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14
Q

What occurs with TLR dysfxn?

A
  • leads to IMMUNODEFICIENCY or AUTOIMMUNITY
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15
Q

What occurs with TLR activators?

A
  • used to BOOST immunity

- —seen in anti-skin cancer creams—-IMIQUIMOD

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16
Q

What occurs in HYPERACUTE REJECTION of a transplant?

A
  1. thrombosis and NECROSIS
  2. Typer II hypersensitivity

—-occurs within MINs to hours

17
Q

Any rx for hyperacute organ rejection>

A

NO

18
Q

How to treat acute cellular rejection?

A

Immunosuppression

19
Q

Which transplant rejections types occur within 1 month?

A
  1. Acute CELLULAR rejection

2. Acute Vascular rejection

20
Q

How does the chronic allograft failure occur?

A
  • by immune and non-immune mechanisms

- FIBROSIS and SCARRING occurs

21
Q

What occurs with pathologically with acute vascular failure?

A

by De novo Ab-complement fixation

—-causing VASCULITIS and TYPE II hypersensitivity

22
Q

What occurs pathologically with acute cellular failure?

A
  • CD4 and CD8 T-cells activation ….results in cellular infiltration and type IV hypersensitivity
23
Q

Pros of inactivated vaccines

A
  • made quickly
  • elicit GOOD antibody responses
  • easy to store (NO FRIDGE needed)
  • safe
24
Q

Disadvantages of inactivated vaccines

A

NOT VERY potent

  • –doesn’t stimulate clonal expansion of Band T cells (so requires multiple vaccinations)
  • Ab titres DIMINISH over time; so given BOOSTER shots
  • —many killed organisms don’t stimulate good immune response
25
Q

Name fractional, toxoid vaccines.

A

Tetanus

Diphtheria

26
Q

Name fractional, subunit vaccines.

A
  • Hep B
  • Influenza
  • Acellular pertussis
  • HPV
  • Anthrax
27
Q

What kinda vaccine is H. Influenza type B?

A

fractional vaccines

– pure polysaccharide vaccines

28
Q

When are whole organisms used for vaccines?

A
  • polio
  • Hep A
  • Rabies
  • Cholera
  • Plague
  • Pertussis
29
Q

Examples of LIVE attentuated vaccines for viruses.

A
  • VIRUSES: MMR/ Chickenpox/ yellow fever/ rotavirus/ smallpox/ polio
30
Q

Name live attentuated vaccines for bacteria.

A

BCG

Oral typhoid

TRANSITION Blocks (3 decks)

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