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PHASE 2 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Lifespan of neutrophils

A

12 days

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2
Q

Lifespan of monocyte

A

Months

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3
Q

Lifespan of macrophages

A

Months/years

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4
Q

Basic role of neutrophils

A

Phagocytosis (innate immunity)

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5
Q

Basic role of monocytes

A

Phagocytosis (innate), Antigen presentation (adaptive)

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6
Q

Basic role of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis (innate), antigen presentation to T cells (adaptive), remove foreign and dead material

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7
Q

Process of phagocytosis

A
  1. Chemotaxis and adherence to pathogen (opsonins)
  2. Ingestion by pseudopodia wrapping round pathogen and engulfing
  3. Formation of phagosome, fusion with lysosome -> phagolysosome
  4. Formation of residual body containing indigestible material
  5. Excretion of waste via exocytosis
  6. MHC class II formed and present on the surface of APC
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8
Q

Lifespan of eosinophils

A

8-12 days

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9
Q

Eosinophils present in what type of pathology

A

Parasitic infections and allergic reactions

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10
Q

Lifespan of basophils

A

2 days

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11
Q

Where are basophils found

A

Blood

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12
Q

Where are mast cells found

A

Tissue only

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13
Q

What substances do mast cells release

A

Cytokines, histamine, heparin

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14
Q

T lymphocyte functions

A
  • Recognise antigen displayed by APC
  • Produce cytokines
  • Activate B cells
  • Cell mediated immunity
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15
Q

4 main types of T cell

A
  1. T helper cell/ CD4
  2. Cytotoxic T cell/ CD8
  3. T memory cell
  4. T regulatory cell
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16
Q

T helper cell 1

A
  • Intracellular pathogens
  • Help B cell make antibodies
  • Activate macrophages and NKCs (natural killer)
  • Help development of CD8
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17
Q

T helper cell 2

A

Same as T helper cell 1 except extracellular pathogens

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18
Q

Where are T lymphocytes found

A

Blood, lymph nodes, spleen

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19
Q

Lifespan of B lymphocytes

A

Years

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20
Q

Functions of B lymphocytes

A
  • Recognise antigens displayed by APC
  • Express antibodies on cells surface
  • Plasma cells make antibodies
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21
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Type of lymphocyte that recognises infected cells (viral and tumour) and kills them via apoptosis

22
Q

Dendritic cell function

A
  • APC
  • Induce primary immune response in inactive lymphocytes
  • Produce cytokines and other factors that promote B cell activation and differentiation
23
Q

Main purpose of complement system

A

Remove + destroy antigens through opsonisation and direct lysis

24
Q

Pathways of the complement system

A

Classical - activated by antibody-antigen complex
Alternative - activated by foreign surface antigens
Lectin - mannose-binding lectin-mannose residues on surface of pathogen

25
Q

Once activated what does complement do

A
  • Lyse microbes directly
  • Increase chemotaxis
  • Enhance inflammation
  • Induce opsonisation
26
Q

Opsonisation

A

The process by which an antigen becomes coated with substances that make it easier to engulf in phagocytosis

27
Q

Antibodies

A

Protein produced in response to an antigen. Highly specific

28
Q

Antigen

A

Molecule on the cell surface that identifies foreign substances as foreign

29
Q

Epitope

A

Part of antigen that binds to the antibody/receptor binding site

30
Q

Affinity

A

Measure of binding strength between epitope and antibody

31
Q

Basic structure of an antibody

A
  • 2 light chains and 2 heavy chains
  • Variable region (FAB) which binds to epitope
  • Constant region that binds to immune cells
  • Disulfide bridges between chains
32
Q

5 classes of immunoglobulin

A

IgA, IgE, IgG, IgM, IgD

33
Q

IgG

A

70-75%
Important to secondary immune response
Crosses the placenta to give passive immunity to foetus

34
Q

IgA

A

15%

Predominant Ig in saliva, colostrum, bronchiolar and genitourinary secretions

35
Q

IgM

A

10%
Found in blood
Intravascular neutralisation of organisms

36
Q

IgE

A

Basophils and mast cells express IgE specific receptor

Antigen binds -> basophils and mast cells release histamine

37
Q

IgD

A

Expressed on naive B cells and acts as B cell antigen receptor

38
Q

Which antibodies neutralise toxins

A

IgG, IgA

39
Q

Which antibodies immobilise motile microbes

A

IgM

40
Q

Which antibodies bind to phagocytes

A

IgG, IgA - enhance phagocytosis

41
Q

Which antibodies bind to mast cells

A

IgE -> histamine release

42
Q

Which antibodies bind to natural killer cells

A

IgG -> enhanced killing of infected cells

43
Q

Cytokines

A

Soluble proteins secreted by lymphocytes or macrophages/monocytes that act as stimulatory or inhibitory signals between cells

44
Q

Interleukins

A

Cytokines that act between cells of the immune system. Cause cells to divide/differentiate/secrete factors. Can pro or anti-inflammatory

45
Q

Chemokines

A

Cytokines that induce chemotaxis of leukocytes

46
Q

Interferons

A

Induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells and limit the spread of viral infection

47
Q

Colony stimulating factor

A

Stimulate direct differentiation of bone marrow stem cells

48
Q

Tumour necrosis factor

A

Mediate inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

49
Q

Characteristics of innate immunity

A
  • Present at birth
  • Non-specific
  • Rapid response
  • Phagocytes and natural T killer cells
50
Q

1st line of defence

A
  • Barrier to antigen
  • Slow response
  • Effective but limited

PHASE 2 (6 decks)

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