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BMSC 210 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

three basic characteristics of immune response

A

specificity, universality, and ineducability

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2
Q

specificity

A

immune response ability to contain one microbial pathogen is rarely effective against a second microbe unless they are closely related

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3
Q

universality

A

immune system can react to the whole universe of macromolecular foreign substances by mounting the immune system to to the foreign substance
- can attack virtually all microbes

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4
Q

adaptability

A

primary response & secondary response

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5
Q

primary response

A

follows a primary infection

  • slower
  • less intense
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6
Q

secondary response

A

follows second infection

  • faster
  • more intense
  • positive- memory
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7
Q

negative memory

A

pre-exposure = lessened ability to respond to a subsequent challenge of the antigen

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8
Q

innate resistance

A
  • non-immune defense mechanism
  • effective at time of infection
  • characteristics don’t change after infection
  • constitutive*
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9
Q

immune response is….

A

inducible

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10
Q

three defense systems

A
  1. surface of the body
  2. innate defense
  3. immune system
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11
Q

thee main innate characteristics that differ from immune system

A
  1. immediate protection
  2. non-specific
  3. constitutive/ non-inducible
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12
Q

inflammation

A
  • happens when skin gets damaged

- caused by local injections of histamine

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13
Q

mast cells store….

A

histamine

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14
Q

phagocytosis

A

the process of ingestion

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15
Q

macrophages consist of ____ and _____

A

neutrophils & monocytes

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16
Q

phagosomes are formed through the binding of bacterium to the surface of ____

A

phagocytic cells

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17
Q

phagolysosome

A

is formed when phagasome fuses with a lysosome

-leads to digestion

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18
Q

complement

A

a series of interacting proteins

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19
Q

complement cascade

A

initiated through either classical or alternative pathways

  • protein components that interact with each other causing
    1. downstream activation
    2. cleavage of proteolysis
    3. amplified signal
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20
Q

complement components are involved as….

A

inflammatory mediators

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21
Q

what component binds the surface of bacteria and aids in phagocytosis

A

activated component of the third component of compliment (C3) called C3b

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22
Q

binding C3b to the surface leads to the formation of the….

A

membrane attack complex

-holes in the membrane

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23
Q

interferon (IFN)

A
  • important against viral infections

- interfering with replication

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24
Q

three kinds of interferons

A

alpha, beta, gamma

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25
Q

mechanism of immune system is ____

A

highly specific

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26
Q

the immune system expresses____

A

MEMORY

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27
Q

memory is___

A

SPECIFIC

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28
Q

virulent bacilli

A

chicken cholera,

attenuated by prolonged culture under anaerobic

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29
Q

immunization

A

process of administering attenuate forms of microorganisms

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30
Q

exotoxin

A

a poison shed/excreted by a pathogen

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31
Q

serum

A

cell-free yellow liquid that separates that inactivates the toxin

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32
Q

passive transfer of immunity

A

by transferring serum from an immune animal to a normal animal

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33
Q

antibodies

A

protective molecules present in immune serum

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34
Q

antigens

A

specific binding sites for antibodies

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35
Q

immune serum can ___ in bacteria

A

agglutinate

–> clumping

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36
Q

what does bacteria produce

A

soluble, filterable molecules, and immune serum contain antibodies specific for these soluble antigens

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37
Q

precipitin reaction

A
  • highly specific

- antibodies raised against tetanus toxins

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38
Q

what mechanism is activated by antibody molecules?

A

effector

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39
Q

___ is an adaptor _____ the antigen to machinery that attacks the antigen

A

antibody, connecting

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40
Q

what happens when complement is activates?

A

immune serum kills bacteria through lysis. lytic property is lost when the serum is heated.

41
Q

heated serum will still kill when _____ with non-heated normal serum

A

complemented

42
Q

the antibodies and normal serum provides the heat-labile non-specific ___ required to obtain lysis of the bacteria

A

complement

43
Q

what enhances phagocytosis?

A

immune serum containing specific antibodies.

44
Q

opsonins

A

are the antibodies where antigens bind

45
Q

the type of cells that certain kinds of antibodies bind

A

cytophilic antibodies

  • specific for a particular antigen
  • can be tested through allergy testing
46
Q

acute inflammatory reaction

A

positive acute skin reaction = allergic to the antigen

47
Q

humoral immunity

A

how soluble antibodies are expressed.

48
Q

humoral immunity can be

A

transferred to unimmunized animals

49
Q

what does macrophages mediate?

A

natural or innate resistance

50
Q

cell-mediated immunity

A

cells are essential for resistance against some pathogens

51
Q

immediate- type hypersenstivity

A

immunization that leads to acute inflammation in minutes of being injected with antigens

52
Q

delayed hypersensitivity

A

reaction to antigens that is at maximum intensity 24-72 hours after application

53
Q

allergic state of an antigen

A

can be transferred from an immunized person to un-immunized person through immune serum.
-antibodies are responsible for allergic state

54
Q

T/F delayed type hypersensitivity is transferred from immunized to un-immunized persons

A

F: can only be transferred from sensitive to un-sensitive–> cell-mediated immunity

55
Q

specificity and universality of immune responses must mean that ___ different antibody molecules

A

very many

56
Q

self non-self discrimination

A

the ability to respond to foreign but not self molecules/cells

57
Q

autoimmune disease

A

immune system attacks cells/ organs of people to which the immune system belongs

58
Q

classes of antibody

A

IgE, IgM, IgG, IgA

59
Q

there are several ____ of antibody, and these are often induces under ___ conditions

A

distinct classes, different

60
Q

what are allergies due to?

A

induction of IgE antibodies

61
Q

allergens

A

antigens that induce allergic responses

62
Q

examples of autoimmunity

A
  1. type 1 diabetes
  2. myasthenia gravis
  3. autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  4. rheumatic heart disease
63
Q

____ inevitably leads to ___ of the foreign organ

A

transplantation, rejection

64
Q

variable region/domain

A

first 110 A.A. are different between light chains

65
Q

constant region/domain

A

last 110 A.A. that are the same in light chains

66
Q

different constant heavy chain regions for the classes of…

A

IgM, IgA, IgE IgG1-IgG4

67
Q

what part of the heavy chain domain is variable?

A

the first domain

68
Q

lattice of formation

A

the result of the interaction between antibody and antigen

69
Q

selection theory

A

postulates that antigen select good fitting antibodies from the vast array that are pre-made and waiting to selected

70
Q

selecting happens when

A

foreign antigen impinges upon the immune system, the antigen will interact strongly with some of these antibodies.

71
Q

which cells are able to respond to antigen

A

clonal

72
Q

clones

A

made from one parent cells

73
Q

precursor cells

A

parent cells of clones

74
Q

clonal selection theory

A

antigen can select precursor cells bearing appropriate antibody receptors, cause their division to produce a clone cell

75
Q

Class 1 MHC are found…

A

on the surface of all cells in the body

76
Q

class 2 MHC molecules are found…

A

mainly on phagocytic cells

77
Q

lymphoid organs

A

the emigration site of mature cells that are from antibody that binds to tetanus toxin

78
Q

generation site for T cells

A

thymus

79
Q

antibody production from bone marrow

A

B cells

80
Q

difference between B & T cells

A

B cess don’t bind to antigen itself, but to peptides derived from the antigen that are bound to MHC molecules

81
Q

T cells bearing CD4 antigens

A 
bind peptides bound to class 2 MHC molecules
-engulfed by phagocytic cells
82
Q

CD8+ T cells

A 
bind to peptides bound to class 1 MHC molecules 
-can take in exogenous antigens
83
Q

immunogenic

A

a substance that induces antibody

84
Q

non-immunogenic

A

can’t induce antibody

85
Q

hapten

A

immunogenic molecules conjugated to larger foreign molecules

86
Q

hapten- carrier conjugate

A

hapten conjugated to immunogenic macromolecules

87
Q

what is the result of a thymectomy

A

immunoincompetent

88
Q

both the ____ and the ___ cells are required for antigens to induce antibody.

A

bone marrow and thymus

89
Q

helper/ inducer T cells

A

thymus cells present in the thymus needed to allow antigen to induce bone marrow precursor cells to produce progeny that secreted antibody

90
Q

antigen-specific inactivation

A

absence of T cells specific for self antigens results in no antibody responses and it ensures the anti-self B cells are eliminated

91
Q

epitope

A

are on the antigen molecules complementary to an antibody

92
Q

MSA and RSA are said to ___

A

crossreact

93
Q

immunization with antigens that crossreact with self- antigens sometimes cause ____ d

A

autoimmunity

94
Q

humoral immune deviation

A

DTH response appears to be locked into humoral mode

95
Q

cell-mediated deviation

A

induce response to antigen locked into a cell mediated mode

96
Q

clones to T cells

A

precursor cell stimulates growth hormone t cell (IL2) which stimulated in presence of an antigen = millions of identical cells

97
Q

IFN gamma can prevent viral multiplication and its delivery to infected macrophages by pathogenic-specific CD4T cells which result in______

A

macrophage activation

98
Q

cytokines

A
  • either + or -

- regulate the growth and differentiation of other cells

BMSC 210 (4 decks)

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