Immunology Flashcards
1
Q
three basic characteristics of immune response
A
specificity, universality, and ineducability
2
Q
specificity
A
immune response ability to contain one microbial pathogen is rarely effective against a second microbe unless they are closely related
3
Q
universality
A
immune system can react to the whole universe of macromolecular foreign substances by mounting the immune system to to the foreign substance
- can attack virtually all microbes
4
Q
adaptability
A
primary response & secondary response
5
Q
primary response
A
follows a primary infection
- slower
- less intense
6
Q
secondary response
A
follows second infection
- faster
- more intense
- positive- memory
7
Q
negative memory
A
pre-exposure = lessened ability to respond to a subsequent challenge of the antigen
8
Q
innate resistance
A
- non-immune defense mechanism
- effective at time of infection
- characteristics don’t change after infection
- constitutive*
9
Q
immune response is….
A
inducible
10
Q
three defense systems
A
- surface of the body
- innate defense
- immune system
11
Q
thee main innate characteristics that differ from immune system
A
- immediate protection
- non-specific
- constitutive/ non-inducible
12
Q
inflammation
A
- happens when skin gets damaged
- caused by local injections of histamine
13
Q
mast cells store….
A
histamine
14
Q
phagocytosis
A
the process of ingestion
15
Q
macrophages consist of ____ and _____
A
neutrophils & monocytes
16
Q
phagosomes are formed through the binding of bacterium to the surface of ____
A
phagocytic cells
17
Q
phagolysosome
A
is formed when phagasome fuses with a lysosome
-leads to digestion
18
Q
complement
A
a series of interacting proteins
19
Q
complement cascade
A
initiated through either classical or alternative pathways
- protein components that interact with each other causing
1. downstream activation
2. cleavage of proteolysis
3. amplified signal
20
Q
complement components are involved as….
A
inflammatory mediators
21
Q
what component binds the surface of bacteria and aids in phagocytosis
A
activated component of the third component of compliment (C3) called C3b
22
Q
binding C3b to the surface leads to the formation of the….
A
membrane attack complex
-holes in the membrane
23
Q
interferon (IFN)
A
- important against viral infections
- interfering with replication
24
Q
three kinds of interferons
A
alpha, beta, gamma
25
mechanism of immune system is ____
highly specific
26
the immune system expresses____
MEMORY
27
memory is___
SPECIFIC
28
virulent bacilli
chicken cholera,
| attenuated by prolonged culture under anaerobic
29
immunization
process of administering attenuate forms of microorganisms
30
exotoxin
a poison shed/excreted by a pathogen
31
serum
cell-free yellow liquid that separates that inactivates the toxin
32
passive transfer of immunity
by transferring serum from an immune animal to a normal animal
33
antibodies
protective molecules present in immune serum
34
antigens
specific binding sites for antibodies
35
immune serum can ___ in bacteria
agglutinate
| --> clumping
36
what does bacteria produce
soluble, filterable molecules, and immune serum contain antibodies specific for these soluble antigens
37
precipitin reaction
- highly specific
| - antibodies raised against tetanus toxins
38
what mechanism is activated by antibody molecules?
effector
39
___ is an adaptor _____ the antigen to machinery that attacks the antigen
antibody, connecting
40
what happens when complement is activates?
immune serum kills bacteria through lysis. lytic property is lost when the serum is heated.
41
heated serum will still kill when _____ with non-heated normal serum
complemented
42
the antibodies and normal serum provides the heat-labile non-specific ___ required to obtain lysis of the bacteria
complement
43
what enhances phagocytosis?
immune serum containing specific antibodies.
44
opsonins
are the antibodies where antigens bind
45
the type of cells that certain kinds of antibodies bind
cytophilic antibodies
- specific for a particular antigen
- can be tested through allergy testing
46
acute inflammatory reaction
positive acute skin reaction = allergic to the antigen
47
humoral immunity
how soluble antibodies are expressed.
48
humoral immunity can be
transferred to unimmunized animals
49
what does macrophages mediate?
natural or innate resistance
50
cell-mediated immunity
cells are essential for resistance against some pathogens
51
immediate- type hypersenstivity
immunization that leads to acute inflammation in minutes of being injected with antigens
52
delayed hypersensitivity
reaction to antigens that is at maximum intensity 24-72 hours after application
53
allergic state of an antigen
can be transferred from an immunized person to un-immunized person through immune serum.
-antibodies are responsible for allergic state
54
T/F delayed type hypersensitivity is transferred from immunized to un-immunized persons
F: can only be transferred from sensitive to un-sensitive--> cell-mediated immunity
55
specificity and universality of immune responses must mean that ___ different antibody molecules
very many
56
self non-self discrimination
the ability to respond to foreign but not self molecules/cells
57
autoimmune disease
immune system attacks cells/ organs of people to which the immune system belongs
58
classes of antibody
IgE, IgM, IgG, IgA
59
there are several ____ of antibody, and these are often induces under ___ conditions
distinct classes, different
60
what are allergies due to?
induction of IgE antibodies
61
allergens
antigens that induce allergic responses
62
examples of autoimmunity
1. type 1 diabetes
2. myasthenia gravis
3. autoimmune hemolytic anemia
4. rheumatic heart disease
63
____ inevitably leads to ___ of the foreign organ
transplantation, rejection
64
variable region/domain
first 110 A.A. are different between light chains
65
constant region/domain
last 110 A.A. that are the same in light chains
66
different constant heavy chain regions for the classes of...
IgM, IgA, IgE IgG1-IgG4
67
what part of the heavy chain domain is variable?
the first domain
68
lattice of formation
the result of the interaction between antibody and antigen
69
selection theory
postulates that antigen select good fitting antibodies from the vast array that are pre-made and waiting to selected
70
selecting happens when
foreign antigen impinges upon the immune system, the antigen will interact strongly with some of these antibodies.
71
which cells are able to respond to antigen
clonal
72
clones
made from one parent cells
73
precursor cells
parent cells of clones
74
clonal selection theory
antigen can select precursor cells bearing appropriate antibody receptors, cause their division to produce a clone cell
75
Class 1 MHC are found...
on the surface of all cells in the body
76
class 2 MHC molecules are found...
mainly on phagocytic cells
77
lymphoid organs
the emigration site of mature cells that are from antibody that binds to tetanus toxin
78
generation site for T cells
thymus
79
antibody production from bone marrow
B cells
80
difference between B & T cells
B cess don't bind to antigen itself, but to peptides derived from the antigen that are bound to MHC molecules
81
T cells bearing CD4 antigens
```
bind peptides bound to class 2 MHC molecules
-engulfed by phagocytic cells
```
82
CD8+ T cells
```
bind to peptides bound to class 1 MHC molecules
-can take in exogenous antigens
```
83
immunogenic
a substance that induces antibody
84
non-immunogenic
can't induce antibody
85
hapten
immunogenic molecules conjugated to larger foreign molecules
86
hapten- carrier conjugate
hapten conjugated to immunogenic macromolecules
87
what is the result of a thymectomy
immunoincompetent
88
both the ____ and the ___ cells are required for antigens to induce antibody.
bone marrow and thymus
89
helper/ inducer T cells
thymus cells present in the thymus needed to allow antigen to induce bone marrow precursor cells to produce progeny that secreted antibody
90
antigen-specific inactivation
absence of T cells specific for self antigens results in no antibody responses and it ensures the anti-self B cells are eliminated
91
epitope
are on the antigen molecules complementary to an antibody
92
MSA and RSA are said to ___
crossreact
93
immunization with antigens that crossreact with self- antigens sometimes cause ____ d
autoimmunity
94
humoral immune deviation
DTH response appears to be locked into humoral mode
95
cell-mediated deviation
induce response to antigen locked into a cell mediated mode
96
clones to T cells
precursor cell stimulates growth hormone t cell (IL2) which stimulated in presence of an antigen = millions of identical cells
97
IFN gamma can prevent viral multiplication and its delivery to infected macrophages by pathogenic-specific CD4T cells which result in______
macrophage activation
98
cytokines
- either + or -
| - regulate the growth and differentiation of other cells
