Immunology Flashcards
Copper reduction
detects reduction of sugars
Visual Examination
Color, volume, appearance
What are 4 things a chemical examination looks for?
Blood, specific gravity, glucose, proteins
4 things a microscopic exam looks for
RBCs, WBCs, bacteria and yeast
4 blood systems
blood vessels, platelets, coagulation factors, fibrinolysis
vasoconstriction
triggered by injury and causes veins and arteries to contracts to stop blood from leaving
tissue factor III
released from an injured vessel and induces clotting
coagulation factors
plasma proteins and factor 4
extrinsic pathway
initiated by tissue thromboplastin
intrinsic pathway
initiated by factor 12 which is always in the blood
common pathway
begins with factor 10 and is made up by both the extrinsic and intrinsic
Hemophilia
blood doesn’t clot properly
Is hemophilia a or b more common?
A
inherited hemostasis disorders
factor and platelet disorders
immune Thrombocytopenic purpura
low platelet levels
sequestration in spleen
platelets are stuck in the spleen
thrombotic Thrombocytopenic purpura
clots form in small vessels in the body
acquired factor disorders
vitamin K deficiency, anticoagulation therapy, DIC, autoantibodies
DIC
disseminated intravascular coagulation
disseminated intravascular coagulation
excessive blood clots are formed in the body
innate immunity
non-specific immunity
passive immunity
antibodies acquired from an external source
acquired immunity
immunity acquired from exposure
physical barriers
skin, mucous, stomach acid
phagocytic cells
neutrophils and macrophages
inflammation
non-specific immune response
immune system organs
bone marrow and thymus gland
thymus gland
produces T-cells
immune system tissue
spleen and tonsils
immune system cells
T and B lymphocytes
epitopes
part of the antigen that the antibody reacts with (active site)
humoral immunity
produces the antibodies to fight infection
T lymphocytes
search and destroy
- Recognition
ability to recognize small differences in antigens
- Specificity
directs a response toward a specific antigen
- Memory
remembers the specific antigen
Anamnestic response
quick response to another exposure to an already recognized infection
antibodies are also known as…
immunoglobulins (immune goblins)
bonds between antigens and antibodies are…
non-covalent and reversible
IgG
highest concentrated and longest lasting immunoglobulin
IgM
largest and earliest produced immunoglobulin
How long after exposure until IgM is produced?
7-10 business days
IgA
second most abundant immunoglobulin and is found in liquids
IgD
rare immunoglobulin and is found in B cell membrane
IgE
rarest immunoglobulin and binds to eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
IgE vs. IgM
- IgE provides newborn immunity
- IgM is the first responder but it short lived
seroconversion
antibody is detectable in the blood of a patient who had previously tested negative
immunocompetent
functioning immune system
immunocompromised
damaged immune system
immunosuppression
suppression of immune system by chemical, physical or biological means
diseases of the immune system
autoimmune, hypersensitivities, acquired immunodeficiencies, congenital immunodeficiencies
AABB
American Association of Blood Banks
How much blood do they steal?
450 mL those greedy bastards
How long does blood last when it’s not in your body?
35 days
aphaeresis
donation plasma or platelets
What do they test donated blood for?
ABO, Rh, antibodies and compatibility
FFP
Fresh Frozen Plasma
Type A
37%
Type B
11%
Type O
48%
Type AB
4%
How do you figure out someones blood type?
forward grouping
how many people are D+
85%
What do kidneys do?
regulate acid-base balance and produce hormones and filter shit
Nephron
filters blood and concentrates urine
glomerulus
filters blood
Bowmans capsule
glomerular filtrate
urine is…
95% water and 5% solutes
Erythtopoietin
hormone that induces blood production
Routine urinalysis
physical exam, chemical exam, microscopic exam
Systemic urinary diseases
- diabetes
- HTN (high BP)
- autoimmune diseases
- malignancies
- UTIs
Disease of the kidneys
- glomerulonephritis
- polycystic kidney disease
- tubular necrosis
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the parts of the kidney that filter stuff
hemodialysis
external kidney
peritoneal dialysis
drains the peritoneal space
how long can you store pee for?
1-2 hours unless you store it between 4-6*C