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immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

primary immune response

A

occurs the first time an immune system encounters, generates memory cells with high specificity, can take 14 days

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2
Q

secondary immune response

A

occurs following a previous encounter, more rapid, previously generated

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3
Q

five types of immunoglobulins

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

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4
Q

IgE

A

hypersensitivity (allergies and parasite), present in serum in lowest concentration of all Igs

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5
Q

IgD

A

unknown function, found in B cells

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6
Q

IgM

A

First Ig produced in immune response, most efficient complement fixing Ig. Pentamer

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7
Q

IgA

A

Major Ig. Dimer

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8
Q

types of vaccines

A

live attenuated, inactivated, subunit, toxoid

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9
Q

live attenuated

A

similar to natural infection, stored in cool place, can cause disease in weakened immune system.

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10
Q

inactivated

A

uses killed version of pathogen, may need boosters, will not weaken immune

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11
Q

subunit

A

uses dead pathogen in pieces, strong specific response, may need booster, fine for weak people

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12
Q

toxoid vaccines

A

uses a toxin made by the pathogen, tetanus, my require boosters, safe for weak.

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13
Q

infants

A

cannot produce antibodies until 3-6 months

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14
Q

innate

A

inborn, present at all times, responds immediately, responds uniform

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15
Q

acquired

A

6 days to respond, antigen specific, keeps memory

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16
Q

types of white blood cells

A

neutrophils, eosinophil, basophil

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17
Q

neutropenia

A

decrease in neutrophils can cause a severe infection

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18
Q

neutrophilia

A

increase in neutrophils, bacterial infection, drug intox, tissue necrosis.

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19
Q

neutrophil function

A

move to site of pathogen engulf it and destroy it. Adherence, migration, phagocytosis, bacterial killing

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20
Q

lymphocytes

A

includes b cell t cell and natural killer cells

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21
Q

t lymph function

A

cell mediated immunity

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22
Q

b lymph function

A

part of the humoral immunity can bind to antigen

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23
Q

natural killer cells function

A

kill infected cells

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24
Q

eosinophils function

A

reddish orange granules allergic disease, parasite infections, and chronic inflammation.

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25
Q

basophils function

A

large dark purple mediators of the inflammatory response called mast cells

26
Q

monocyte

A

large macrophages function phagocytosis

27
Q

RBC should be

A

biconcave disc, 6-8 um, no inclusions, 4 heme groups, 4 globin chains

28
Q

RBC membrane

A

semi perm for water and anions. no cations pass

29
Q

hypoxia

A

tissues deprived of oxygen (EPO hormone)

30
Q

hematopoiesis

A

the process of producing RBC, WBC, and platelets. Occurs in marrow

31
Q

burr cells

A

could be sign of old blood

32
Q

immature RBC

A

reticulocyte

33
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

sickle cell

34
Q

schistocyte

A

cells lysing

35
Q

acanthocytes

A

irregular projections unlike burr

36
Q

tear drop

A

spleen taken over

37
Q

organ produces urine

A

kidney

38
Q

reasons for urinalysis screening

A

disease diagnosis, progression of disease, monitor treatments

39
Q

best for protein anal, microscopic anal, preg

A

first morning voided

40
Q

three safety

A

gloves, gown, wash hands

41
Q

things that go down with time urine

A

glucose, RBC/WBC, urobilinogen, casts, bilirubin, ketones, clarity, nitrites, trichomonas

42
Q

things that go up with time urine

A

odor, pH, and bacteria

43
Q

amber color

A

UTI

44
Q

Red urine

A

hemo, food dye, beets

45
Q

green urine

A

pseudomonas infection

46
Q

blue urine

A

clorets, drugs

47
Q

black urine

A

melsum, levodopa, homosetistic acid

48
Q

turbidity

A

clarity- bacteria, semen, increased cells

49
Q

foul ammonia urine

A

bacterial infection

50
Q

sweet urine

A

diabetes

51
Q

maple syrup urine

A

maple syrup urine disease

52
Q

mousy urine

A

PKU

53
Q

ph raised

A

vegatarian, vomiting, old sample

54
Q

protein raised

A

kidney disorder, exercise, hypertension

55
Q

glucose urine

A

diabetes

56
Q

ketones urine

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

57
Q

blood

A

kidney damage

58
Q

bilirubin

A

hepatobiliary disease

59
Q

leukocyte esterase

A

inflammation

60
Q

urobilinogen

A

hemolysis of RBC

clinical lab science (2 decks)

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