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POD > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

DAF

A

Cleaves C3b and Bb to prevent the activation of C3 convertase

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2
Q

Factor 1

A

Cleaves C3 making it protealytically inactive

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3
Q

CD59

A

Blocks the formation of the MAC by binding to C9

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4
Q

C1INH

A

Inhibits C1r and C1s from cleaving any further complements and activating the cascade

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5
Q

V(D)J Recombination

A
  1. D and J genes reassemble to form DJ segment
  2. V and DJ combine to form VDJ segment(
    • codes the variable domain of IgH or TCR-B

*RAG needed for recombination to occur, must cleave the RSs for Step 1 to occur

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6
Q

RAG Genes

A

Recombination Activation Genes recognize Recombination Signal Sequences (RSS) and act as an endonuclease to all recombination to occur

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7
Q

P-nucleotides

A

Added to hairpin VDJ structures by DNA Polymerase; produces BLUNT ENDS

*Number of n-nucleotides is variable

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8
Q

N-nucleotides

A

Added to blunt ends on VDJ-structures; sequence of N-nucleotides is random

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9
Q

Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase

A

Adds N-nucleotides to the VDJ-structure

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10
Q

How are the variable (VDJ) and constant (C) domains joined together?

A

RNA splicing

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11
Q

Combinatorial Diversity

A

Introduces Ag-receptor diversity because any IgH chain can pair with any IgL chain OR any TCR-B chain can pair w/ any TCR-A chain; also includes VDJ recombination

*Junctional diversity still introduces more diversity

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12
Q

Pro-B Cell

A

Expression of Rag proteins first appears

IgH gene arrangement occurs

CD10 and CD19 appear

*Cytokines promote proliferation (Ag dependent); ensures large pool for IgH chain diversity

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13
Q

Pre-B Cell

A

Expression of IgH chain

Assembly of Pre-B cell receptor
-consists of IgH, surrogate light chains V pre-B and delta-5, Iga, and Igb

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14
Q

Functions of Pre-B cell

A
  1. Allelic exclusion
  2. Provide signals for proliferation of pre-b cells
  3. Stimulate IgL rearrangement
  4. Suppress surrogate light chain expression
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15
Q

Productive kappa rearrangement on Pre-B cells (Isotypic Exclusion)

A

Will show no lambda rearrangement

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16
Q

X-linked agammagloblulinemia

A

Mutation in Btk gene causes a defect in pre-BCR mediated survival of Pre-B cells

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17
Q

Allelic Exclusion

A

The expression of only one allele of the IgH chain from either maternal or paternal origin

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18
Q

Immature B-cells

A

Expression of a BCR w/ IgM

Weakly self-reactive BCR= signal for survival

Rag protein expression ends

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19
Q

B1 B cells

A

In adults, reside in peritoneum and mucosal sites

Contain only surface IgM

Spontaneous production of IgM

Reactive to microbial polysaccharides and lipids

Self-renewing capability

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20
Q

Marginal zone B2 cells

A

Contains surface IgM only

Produce abs against polysaccharides

T-cell independent immune responses

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21
Q

Follicular B2 cells

A

Reside in B cell follicle

Contain surface IgM AND IgD

Survival dependent on BAFF/BlyS

T-cell DEPENDent immune responses

*Major B2 B cells

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22
Q

Function of Thymus in T-cell development

A

Provides:

IL-7 for proliferation of progenitors

Chemokines to guide developing T-cell movement towards medulla

MHC molecules for positive/negative selection

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23
Q

DiGeorge Syndrome

A

Congenital absence of a thymus resulting in low numbers of T-cells

=>frequent infxns

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24
Q

Pro-T cell

A

(CD4-, CD8-)

Expresses proteins for recombination (Rag, TDT)

TCR-B rearrangement occurs

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25
Q

SCID

A

Mutations in the y-common chain of the IL-7 receptor lead to a block in T-cell development

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26
Q

Pre-T Cells

A

(CD4-, CD8-)

Expression of pre-TCR and assembly of B, A, and CD3 subunits

Signals provide:

Inhibition of further TCR-B rearrangement (which is called?)

Initiation of TCR-A rearrangement

*Largest proliferation of T-cell development occurs here

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27
Q

TCRa

A

Has NO allelic exclusion, therefore, a TCR can express 2 alpha chains

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28
Q

Double positive thymocytes

A

(CD4+, CD8+)

Expression of TCR

Weakly reactive to MHC-self peptides

*Negative selection of strongly reactive, death to non-reactive

29
Q

Single Positive Thymocytes

A

Derived from double-positive; are formed from interactions w/ MHC class I or II molecules

*Mature in thymic medulla

30
Q

CR2 Complex

A

Co-activator complex found on B-cells that consist of CD 81, CD 19, and CD20 that bind to C3d to promote further activation of B-cells

31
Q

How are BCRs turned off?

A

Via CD22 or excess Ag binding to to Ig and then binding to FcyR

32
Q

CD5+ B-cells

A

T-cell indepenent B-cells that respond to repeating polysaccharide sequences on bacteria and produce primarily an IgM, non-specific response

33
Q

Extrafollicular Focus

A

The meeting of a Th2 cell and an APC B-cell in the para-cortical jnxn where these cells proliferate the response of each other

*Most B-cells become short-lived plasma cells

34
Q

Cognate Interactions

A

Interactions b/w CD40L on Th2 cells and CD40 on B-cells

=>Drives Th2 cells to produce IL-4, IL-5, and IL-6

35
Q

B-cell signals (1-3)

A

1= Ag binding to BCR

2= Cd40 binding to CD40L

3= B7-CD28

36
Q

AID

A

Activation Induced Deaminase

Allows for the rearrangement of the constant region of genes giving rise to Isotype Class Switching in activated B-cells

37
Q

Somatic Hypermutation

A

(Affinity Maturation)

B-cells go thru mutations in their receptors that lead to high-affinity binding with their antigen

-If low affinity, cell undergoes apoptosis

38
Q

Whole-cell inactivated vaccine

A

Polio

39
Q

Subunit inactivated vaccine

A

Hepatitis B

40
Q

Polysaccharide inactived vaccine

A

Pneumococcal

41
Q

Live attenuated vaccines

A

Provide T-cell and antibody immunity

42
Q

Antigenic Sin

A

The body only recognizes the current immunodominant epitope, therefore, if that changes, then the body treats the pathogen as a new, unrecognized foreign invader

43
Q

Functional part of an antibody

A

Fc portion

44
Q

Idiotype

A

Ab determinant defined by the variance of the epitopes; can differ inside a single individual

45
Q

Molecular basis of the gram stain

A

Stains the peptidoglycan wall of Gram + bacteria

46
Q

Bacteria sensitive to lysozyme?

A

Gram +; cleavage of the B-1,4 linkages

47
Q

Effects of MDP

A
  1. Pyrogen
  2. Mitogen

3 Somnagen

  1. Adjuvant
48
Q

Clinical Effects of LPS

A

Somnagen

Pyrogen

Leukopenia

DIC

Hypotension

49
Q

TLRs

A

Can be present on innate immune cell membranes or on the endoplasmic membrane and stimulate the release of NFkB

=>Production of cytokines

50
Q

NOD-like receptors

A

Detect bacterial signatures inside of cells

51
Q

RIG-like receptor

A

Detects viral signatures

52
Q

CR1

A

Receptor for C3b and detects opsonized pathogens

*Found on many RBCs

53
Q

Lysosomal enzyme that digests bacteria

A

NADPH; generates oxygen radicals

54
Q

Lactoferrin

A

Released by neutrophils and competes w/ invading microbes for iron

55
Q

IFN-a and IFN-b

A

During viral infection, these bind to uninfected cells and prevent viral replication

56
Q

NK cells

A

Macrophage secretion of IL-12 activates these cells and stimulates the production of IFN-y which will cause NK cells to eliminate infected cells

*Form of positive feedback

57
Q

IL-6

A

Released by macrophages and T-cells; leads to the hepatic synthesis of acute phase proteins

58
Q

CXCL-8

A

IL-8

Acts on macrophages as a chemo tactic molecule

59
Q

IL-12

A

Activates NK cells and induces the differentiation of CD4+ cells into Th1 cells

60
Q

Dangers of TNF-a

A

Can cause the wasting of cells leading to cachexia

*Normally induces fever in the brain and acute phase protein synthesis in the liver

61
Q

Invariant Chain

A

Binds to the MHC II complex after being synthesized in the rough ER; prevents binding of peptides

62
Q

CLIP protein

A

Cleaved invariant chain that binds to MHC II proteins preventing pathogenic peptide products from binding until the endocytic vesicle fuses w/ the outer membrane

63
Q

Calnexin

A

Binds to MHC I molecules in the ER until B-2 chain can bind

64
Q

TAP

A

ER channel that transports cytosolic peptide fragments made from proteasomes to bind w/ the MHC/calreticulin complex

65
Q

CCR7

A

Receptor on dendritic cells activated by inflammation in the tissues; leads to dendritic cells becomes APCs

66
Q

EBF, E2A, Pax5

A

Stimulate the differentiation into a Pro-B cell

67
Q

BAFF2/BlyS

A

Proteins necessary for the survival of Follicular B2 B-cells

68
Q

IL-22

A

Secreted by Th17 cells to activate epithelial cells to secrete anti microbial substances; assoc. w/ IL-17 which will increase inflammation

69
Q

Allorecognition

A

T-cells now recognize foreign MHC and can produce a response when they present AG

POD (4 decks)

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