Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory System > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system for?

A

To identify and eliminate micro-organisms and other harmful substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When should you think about iimmune deficiency with a patient?

A 
When a patient presents with SPUR infections: 
Serious
Persistent
Unusual
Recurrent
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do you define a serious infection?

A

Unresponsive to oral antibiotics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do you define a persistent infection?

A

There is early structural damage

Chronic infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do you define an unusual infection?

A

Unusual organisms and sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do you define a recurrent infection?

A

Two major or one major and recurrent minor infections in one year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bar SPUR, what are other features that are suggestive of primary immune deficiency?

A
  • Weight loss/failure to thrive
  • Eczema
  • Chronic diarrhoea
  • Mouth ulceration
  • Family history
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do you classify immunodeficiencies?

A

Primary - rare

Secondary - common, often subtle, often involves more than one component of the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the two arms of the immune system?

A

Innate and Adaptive - detect and destroy pathogen in different ways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What cells are involved in the innate immune system?

A

Macrophages, neutrophils, mast cells and NK cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Which proteins are involved in the innate immune system?

A

Complement, Acute phase proteins and cytokines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is different about the innate immune system?

A

Recognises structures that are unique to infectious organisms
Essentially identical responses in all individuals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the functions off the innate immune system?

A
  • Rapid clearance of micro-organisms
  • Stimulates the acquired (adaptive) immune response
  • Buys time whilst the acquired immune system is mobilised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the cells of the acquired immune system?

A

B & T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the proteins of the acquired immune system?

A

Antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is unique about the acquired immune system?

A
  • Repertoire isn’t genetically encoded
  • Acquired as a response to exposure to an antigen
  • Responsive to an unlimited number of molecules
  • Very specific
  • Memory
17
Q

Which cells are the phagocytes?

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

18
Q

What are the functions of phagocytes?

A

Initiation and amplification of inflamm response
Scavenging of cellular and infectious debris
Ingest and kill micro-organisms
Resolution and repair

19
Q

Phagoyctes are particularly important in defence against which pathogens?

A

Bacteria and fungi

20
Q

What are the clinical features of phagocyte deficiencies?

A

Recurrent infections - may affect common and unusual sites

Commonly fungal infections (oral candida)

21
Q

What is Kostmann syndrome?

A

Rare autosomal recessive disorder

22
Q

What is the clinical presentation of Kostmann syndrome?

A

Infections usually within 2 weeks after birth - recurrent bacterial infection, systemic or localised infection

23
Q

What are the non specific features of Kostmann syndrome?

A

fever, irritability, oral ulceration and failure to thrive

24
Q

What are the supportive treatments of Kostmann syndrome?

A

Prophylactic antibiotics and antifungals

25
Q

What is the definitive treatment of Kostmann syndrome?

A

Stem cell transplantation

Granulocyte colony stimulating factor - specific growth factor to assist maturation of neutrophils

26
Q

What is leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

Rare primary immunodeficiency that’s caused by a genetic defect in leukocyte integrins (CD18)

27
Q

What is the classical clinical presentation of leukocyte adhesion deficiency?

A

Characterised by marked leukocytosis and localised bacterial infections that are difficult to detect

28
Q

What are the three main types of pathogen recognition receptors?

A

Toll like receptors
Scavenger receptors
Lectin receptors

29
Q

What are opsonins?

A

Molecule that act as binding enhancers for the process of phagocytosis (include complement C3b, IgG antibody and CRP)

30
Q

How do opsonins work?

A

Bind to receptors on phagocyte surface

Phagocytes express Fc receptors - allow binding of antibody that is also bound to antigen

31
Q

What is chronic granulomatous disease?

A

Failure of oxidative killing mechanisms - deficiency of the intracellular killing mechanism of phagocytes - inability to generate oxygen free radicals

32
Q

How are the granulomas formed in chronic granulomatous disease?

A

Inability to clear organisms - excessive inflammation - persistent accumulation of neutrophils, macrophages and lymphocytes

33
Q

What are the features of chronic granulomatous disease?

A 
Recurrent deep bacterial infections (especially staphylococcus, aspergillus, pseudomonas cepacia) 
Recurrent fungal infections 
Failure to thrive 
Lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly 
Granuloma formation

Respiratory System (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions