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BOD > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

TLR4

A

Receptor on macrophage that recognises lipopolysaccharide on gram negative bacteria. LPS must have been bound by CD14 and formed a complex with MD2 to trigger system.

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1
Q

PRRs

A

Pamp recognition receptors. Recognise structures characteristic of microbes that are shared by classes of organisms. Not present in host. Eg. Lipid

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2
Q

NF-kB

A

Once released from inhibition, goes to nucleus and causes transcription of cytokine genes. Produce inflammation.

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3
Q

NOD1 and 2

A

Bond muramyl tri and di peptides respectively.

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4
Q

RIG1

A

Detects viral RNA in cytoplasm

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5
Q

Inflammasome

A

Monomers of NALP3, cascade 1 and adaptor protein ASC. activated by components of microbes etc. caused production of IL-1B.

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6
Q

Mast cell

A

From myeloid, contains histamine and heparin in granules. Role in allergy, anaphylaxis and wound healing. Found in tissues.

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7
Q

Platelet activating factor

A

Recruits and activated neutrophils and eosinophils.

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8
Q

Eosinophils

A

Produce granule proteins, ROS and enzymes. Defense against helminths. Releases granules with proteins toxic to parasite.

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9
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Trigger smooth muscle contractions (overproduction in asthma). Act on GPCR to sustain inflammatory response.

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10
Q

P-selectin

A

Expressed induced on endothelial cells by thrombin and histamine. Binds to glycoproteins with sialyl-lewis x group on neutrophils. Low affinity attractions.

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11
Q

ICAM

A

Cause tight adhesions. Activated to high affinity state by chemokines.

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12
Q

VCAM-1

A

Mediates adhesion of lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and basophils

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13
Q

ICAM-1

A

Mediates adhesion of lymphocytes

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14
Q

Granuloma

A

Activated macrophages surrounds by activated lymphocytes (eg. t helper cells). May contain multinucleated giant cells.

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15
Q

Alternative C3 convertase

A

C3bBb produced by C3 binding to surface, recruiting factor B, more susceptible to cleavage by factor D creating enzyme.

16
Q

Properdin

A

Binds to C3bBb on microbe surface and prevents its degradation. Increases half life and accelerates C3b generation.

17
Q

Factor H

A

Binds to C3b and promotes cleavage by factor I to iC3b which cannot assembly into enzyme. If depleted, susceptible to encapsulated bacteria (only phagocytosed when opsonised with complement.

18
Q

DAF (decay accelerating factor)

A

Made by host cells to inactivate C3b

19
Q

CD59

A

Glycoproteins on host cells binds to assembling MAC and prevents recruitment of C9. No pore forms and cells protected. RBCs lacking this -> red pee in morning.

20
Q

Classical C3 convertase

A

C4bC2a. C2a is, unusually, the larger fragment.

21
Q

IgA

A

Mucosal linings and secretions. Initiates inflammatory reactions.

22
Q

IgD

A

Co-expressed with I. Monomer. Role in allergic reactions. Binds to basophils and mast cells.

23
Q

IgE

A

Binds to mast cells. Important in parasitic infections. Role in type 1 hypersensitivity.

24
Q

IgG

A

Activated complement. Placental transfer.

25
Q

IgM

A

Activated complement. Pentamer.

26
Q

FcRI

A

High affinity receptor for IgG. On macrophages. Phagocytosis.

27
Q

FcRIIa

A

Low affinity. On macrophages and neutrophils. Phagocytosis

28
Q

FcRIIb

A

Low affinity on B lymphocytes. Antibody regulation.

29
Q

FcRIIIa

A

Low affinity. On NK cells and macrophages. Cause antigen dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity.

30
Q

FcRIIIb

A

Low affinity on neutrophils. Phagocytosis.

31
Q

Affinity

A

Interaction between single antibody binding site and single monovalent epitope on an antigen. Two antigen binding sites per antibody.

32
Q

Avidity

A

Strength of interaction due to recognition of polyvalent epitope a. Can bind to multiple epitopes on the same antigen.

33
Q

Th1

A

Cell mediated immunity. Activates macrophages, NK cells and CTLs. Important for intracellular pathogen infections. Stimulated by abundant antigen, high affinity TCR interactions and IL-12

34
Q

Th2

A

Eliminate parasitic infections. Humoral mediated immunity. Cytokines. Stimulated by low peptide abundance, weak affinity for TCR and IL-4. Down regulated by IFNgamma.

35
Q

Th17

A

Involved in the defense against extra cellular bacteria and some fungi.

36
Q

Complete Freund’s Adjuvant

A

Contains ground-up mycobacteria which act as PAMPs.

37
Q

Myasthenia Gravis

A

Autoantibodies to ACh receptor. Reduces neuromuscular transmission from cholinergic neurons by coming and down regulating receptor

BOD (2 decks)

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