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BMS2052 > Immunology 3- Pathogenicity and the host reponse > Flashcards

Immunology 3- Pathogenicity and the host reponse Flashcards

1
Q

What is adaptive humoral immunity?

A

The form of adaptive immunity that is mediated by B lymphocytes.

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2
Q

B cells can produce 5 different antibody isotypes, what are they?

A

IgM, IgD, IgG, IgE and IgA.
different isotypes have different constant regions of their heavy chains
B cells SWITCH ISOTYPES after interactions with t helper cells.
B cells also have 2 different types of light chain, lambda and kappa

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3
Q

Whats the function of IgD?

A

Function obscure, in mice that lack IgD, they have no apparent phenotype
Is really only found on the receptor of naive B cells.
We find very little IgD in the serum (not secreted)

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4
Q

What is the function and structure of IgM?

A

Igm–> first antibody you detect after infection
- it forms pentamers, hexamers very rare
A protein called the J chain, holds 5 different IgM anitbodies together in this pentamers
- IgM receptors of naive B cells
-Low affinity, high avidity, fixes complement.

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5
Q

Which B cell isotypes has two subclasses?

A

IgA (IgA 1 and IgA 2)

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6
Q

what is the first antibody to be secreted in the adaptive immune response?

A

IgM

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7
Q

Which B cell isotype has 4 subclasses and plays a role in neonatal immunity?

A

IgG

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8
Q

Which B cell isotype(s) can activate complement ?

A

IgM and IgG (classical pathway)

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9
Q

Which B cell isotype causes allergy?

A

IgE

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10
Q

What does antibody IgE interact with and do?

A

Interacts with mast cells, eosinophils and basophils. IgE is specialised to fight helminths

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11
Q

Phases of the humoral immune response

  1. If no T cell help, which antibody isotype is produced?
  2. With T cell help, which antibody isotypes can this (the above) antibody isotype switch to?
  3. Under what circumstances and which antibody isotypes does affinity maturation occur?
A
  1. IgM is produced if no T cell help
  2. IgG, IgA and IgE produced with T cell help
  3. Affinity maturation usually occurs in IgG, IgA, IgE and it needs T cell help.
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12
Q

What drives isotype switching?

A

T cell cytokines

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13
Q

What is the default isotype?

A

IgM (without T cell help and cytokines, B cells will produce IgM)

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14
Q

Which cytokines drives isotype switching to IgG?

A

IFN-gamma

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15
Q

Which cytokine drives isotype switching to IgE

A

IL-4

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16
Q

Which cytokine drives IgA differentiation

A

TNF-beta

17
Q

How does herpes simplex virus (HSV) interfere with antigen processing process?

A
  • Inhibition of antigen presentation, HSV interferes with TAP transporter. so it interferes with the transport of peptides from the cytoplasm to ER.
18
Q

How does the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) interfere with antigen presentation process ?

A
  • Inhibition of proteasomal activity
19
Q

How does cytomegalovirus (CMV) inhibit antigen processing and presentation?

A
  • inhibits proteasomal activity

- removes MHC class I molecules from the ER.

20
Q

CTLs generally require help from TH1 cells

what do TH1 cells do

A

Okay, we know TH1 cells secrete IFN-gamma, makes macrophages superb phagocytes.

The TH1 cytokines IFN-gamma and IL-12 promote CTL differentiation. - important for maturation of cytotoxic T cells, they help turn a CD8 T cell into a cytotoxic T cell

CTLs will also secrete IFN-gamma which in turn promotes TH1

TH1 cytokines promote IgG isotype (opsonisation) switching.

21
Q

In the mucosa which isotype antibody is important?

A

IgA

22
Q

In the blood, which isotype is important?

A

IgG

23
Q

Which bacteria multiply within macrophages

A

Mycobacterium leprae, mycobaterium tuberculosis, listeria monocytogenes

24
Q

Which bacteria are non-invasive (extracellular) and multiply in the bodies’ fluids?

A

Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

25
Q

Which bacteria cause disease almost exclusively by the release of toxins?

A

Vibrio cholerae, Corynebacterium diptheriae, Bordetella pertussis, Bacillus anthracis

26
Q

Can antibodies penetrate cell membranes?

A

NO, ANTIBODIES CAN’T PENETRATE CELLS MEMBRANES (humoral immunity tends to be irrelveant for obligate intraacellular organisms)
TH1 AND CTL CELLS

BMS2052 (3 decks)

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