Immunology Flashcards
IL-1
aka osteoclast activating factor
Macrophages:
- inc neutrophil and macrophage migration (recruitment)
- inc acute phase reactants, fever and shock
IL-2
T Cells:
- inc T cell activation and proliferation
- inc NK cell and macrophage activity
- inc B cell growth
IL-3
T cells
- inc hematopoiesis (supports growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells)
- functions like GM-CSF
IL-4
Th2 cells - inc Th2 cell differentiation - inc B cell growth - inc isotype switch to IgE and IgG for parasites (stationed below intestines)
IL-5
Th2 cells
- inc differentiation of eosinophils
- inc isotype switching to IgA
growth and differentation of eosinophils (IgA for bacteria digested in gut in Peyers patches)
IL-6
Macrophages
- inc T and B cell growth
- inc osteoclast activity
causes fever and acute phase proteins
IL-8
Macrophages and T cells
- inc neutrophil activation and chemotaxis
“clean up on aisle 8”
IL-10
Th2 cells (INHIBITOR)
- dec Th1 cell differentiation
- dec cell-mediation immunity and APC activity
- inc B cell function
IL-12
Macrophages
- inc Th1 cell differentiation
- inc **NK cell and CD8+ T cell activity
Follicle of LN
B cell localization
secondary follicle: pale central germinal centers
hyperplasia in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Paracortex of LN
T cells
not well developed in DiGeorge
hyperplasia in extreme cellular immune response (virus: EBV)
Axillary LN
Breast, upper limb
Celiac LN
Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum
Superior mesenteric LN
lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon to splenic flexure
Inferior mesenteric LN
colon from splenic flexure to upper rectum
Internal Iliac LN
lower rectum to anal canal; bladder; vagina; prostate
Para-aortic LN
Testes, ovaries, kidneys, uterus
Superficial inguinal
Anal canal (below pectinate line)
Right Lymphatic Duct
right side of body above diaphragm
Thoracic Duct
drains into junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins
Splenic Dysfunction
dec IgM = dec complement = dec C3b = inc susceptibility to encapsulated organisms
Thymus (regions)
Cortex = dense with immature T cells
medullar = pale with mature T cells
3rd Pharyngeal Pouch (ThImus)
Hepcidin
Prevents release of iron bound by ferritin.
–> anemia of chronic disease
C-reactive protein
Upregulated in immune response
Opsonin: fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis. Measured clinically as sign of ongoing inflammation
TNF-alpha
Macrophages
- mediates SEPTIC SHOCK
- activates endothelium: causes leukocyte recruitment and vascular leak
used by macrophages to kill tumor cells and infected cells
Interferon-Gamma
From Th1 cells
- has antiviral and antitumor properties
- activates NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
- increases MHC expression and antigen presentation in all cells
GAMMA KNIFE for tumor removal
C5a
neutrophil chemotaxis
C3b
opsonization
C3a
anaphylaxis
CD55
decay acceleration factor
prevents complement activation on RBCs
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
causes hereditary angioedema
ACE inhibitors contraindicated (they block the breakdown of bradykinin)
C3 deficiency
increases risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections; inc susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity reactions
C5-C9 deficiencies
increases susceptibility to recurrent Neisseria bacteremia
DAF (GPI anchored enzyme) deficiency
causes complement mediated lysis of RBCs and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
CD16
NK cells
CD56
NK Cells
Unique marker
CD15
Reed Sternberg cells
CD22
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
CD14
macrophages
stimulated directly the endotoxins/LPS: Th cells not involved
CD40 ligand
on Helper T cells to bind CD40 on B cells
Interferon alpha
glycoproteins synthesized by virally infected cells to act on uninfected cells to “prime them” for defense
When a virus infects a primed cell:
- RNAase L –> degrades both viral and host mRNA
- Protein Kinase –> inhibition of viral/host protein synthesis
PDGF
Platelet Derived Growth Factor
from activated platelets and macrophages
- induces vascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell migration
- stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis
FGF
Fibroblast Growth Factor
- stimulates all aspects of angiogenesis (endothelial cell production)
EGF
Epidermal Growth Factor
- stimulates cell growth via tyrosine kinases
- epithelial cells: hepatocytes and fibroblasts
TGF-beta
Transforming Growth Factor-beta
Angiogenesis, fibrosis, cell cycle arrest
Metalloproteinases
Tissue remodeling
VEGF
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
increase endothelial cell motility and proliferation
- new capillaries sprout
Chromatolysis
Nerve cell body after axonal injury. Inc protein synthesis in effort to repair the damaged axon
- round cellular swelling
- displacement of the nucleus to the periphery
- dispersion of Nissl substance throughout cytoplasm
Granuloma Chemokines
Th1 secrete IFN-gamma –> activate macrophages –> TNF-alpha –> induce and maintain granuloma formation
Pyknosis
Nuclear skrinkage (in apoptosis)
Karyorrhexis
Nuclear fragmentation (in apoptosis) - DNA laddering: endonucleases cleave at internucleosomal regions (yield 180bp fragments)
Fas Defect
Fas-FasL interaction is necessary in thymic medullary negative selection
- mutations increase the number of circulating self-reacting lymphocytes due to failure of clonal deletion
- AUTOIMMUNE disease
FADD
Fas Associated Death Domain
- bind inactive caspases and activates them (caspase 8-10)
- –> executioner caspases initiate apoptosis
Cachexia
wgt loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease (cancer, AIDS, heart failure)
mediated by TNF-alpha (nickname Cachectin)
