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USMLE Step 1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

IL-1

A

aka osteoclast activating factor
Macrophages:
- inc neutrophil and macrophage migration (recruitment)
- inc acute phase reactants, fever and shock

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2
Q

IL-2

A

T Cells:

  • inc T cell activation and proliferation
  • inc NK cell and macrophage activity
  • inc B cell growth
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3
Q

IL-3

A

T cells

  • inc hematopoiesis (supports growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells)
  • functions like GM-CSF
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4
Q

IL-4

A 
Th2 cells
- inc Th2 cell differentiation
- inc B cell growth
- inc isotype switch to IgE and IgG
for parasites (stationed below intestines)
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5
Q

IL-5

A

Th2 cells
- inc differentiation of eosinophils
- inc isotype switching to IgA
growth and differentation of eosinophils (IgA for bacteria digested in gut in Peyers patches)

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6
Q

IL-6

A

Macrophages
- inc T and B cell growth
- inc osteoclast activity
causes fever and acute phase proteins

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7
Q

IL-8

A

Macrophages and T cells
- inc neutrophil activation and chemotaxis
“clean up on aisle 8”

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8
Q

IL-10

A

Th2 cells (INHIBITOR)

  • dec Th1 cell differentiation
  • dec cell-mediation immunity and APC activity
  • inc B cell function
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9
Q

IL-12

A

Macrophages

  • inc Th1 cell differentiation
  • inc **NK cell and CD8+ T cell activity
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10
Q

Follicle of LN

A

B cell localization
secondary follicle: pale central germinal centers
hyperplasia in Rheumatoid Arthritis

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11
Q

Paracortex of LN

A

T cells
not well developed in DiGeorge
hyperplasia in extreme cellular immune response (virus: EBV)

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12
Q

Axillary LN

A

Breast, upper limb

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13
Q

Celiac LN

A

Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum

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14
Q

Superior mesenteric LN

A

lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon to splenic flexure

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15
Q

Inferior mesenteric LN

A

colon from splenic flexure to upper rectum

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16
Q

Internal Iliac LN

A

lower rectum to anal canal; bladder; vagina; prostate

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17
Q

Para-aortic LN

A

Testes, ovaries, kidneys, uterus

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18
Q

Superficial inguinal

A

Anal canal (below pectinate line)

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19
Q

Right Lymphatic Duct

A

right side of body above diaphragm

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20
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

drains into junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins

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21
Q

Splenic Dysfunction

A

dec IgM = dec complement = dec C3b = inc susceptibility to encapsulated organisms

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22
Q

Thymus (regions)

A

Cortex = dense with immature T cells
medullar = pale with mature T cells
3rd Pharyngeal Pouch (ThImus)

23
Q

Hepcidin

A

Prevents release of iron bound by ferritin.

–> anemia of chronic disease

24
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Upregulated in immune response

Opsonin: fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis. Measured clinically as sign of ongoing inflammation

25
Q

TNF-alpha

A

Macrophages
- mediates SEPTIC SHOCK
- activates endothelium: causes leukocyte recruitment and vascular leak
used by macrophages to kill tumor cells and infected cells

26
Q

Interferon-Gamma

A

From Th1 cells
- has antiviral and antitumor properties
- activates NK cells to kill virus-infected cells
- increases MHC expression and antigen presentation in all cells
GAMMA KNIFE for tumor removal

27
Q

C5a

A

neutrophil chemotaxis

28
Q

C3b

A

opsonization

29
Q

C3a

A

anaphylaxis

30
Q

CD55

A

decay acceleration factor

prevents complement activation on RBCs

31
Q

C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency

A

causes hereditary angioedema

ACE inhibitors contraindicated (they block the breakdown of bradykinin)

32
Q

C3 deficiency

A

increases risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections; inc susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity reactions

33
Q

C5-C9 deficiencies

A

increases susceptibility to recurrent Neisseria bacteremia

34
Q

DAF (GPI anchored enzyme) deficiency

A

causes complement mediated lysis of RBCs and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

35
Q

CD16

A

NK cells

36
Q

CD56

A

NK Cells

Unique marker

37
Q

CD15

A

Reed Sternberg cells

38
Q

CD22

A

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

39
Q

CD14

A

macrophages

stimulated directly the endotoxins/LPS: Th cells not involved

40
Q

CD40 ligand

A

on Helper T cells to bind CD40 on B cells

41
Q

Interferon alpha

A

glycoproteins synthesized by virally infected cells to act on uninfected cells to “prime them” for defense
When a virus infects a primed cell:
- RNAase L –> degrades both viral and host mRNA
- Protein Kinase –> inhibition of viral/host protein synthesis

42
Q

PDGF

A

Platelet Derived Growth Factor
from activated platelets and macrophages
- induces vascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell migration
- stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis

43
Q

FGF

A

Fibroblast Growth Factor

- stimulates all aspects of angiogenesis (endothelial cell production)

44
Q

EGF

A

Epidermal Growth Factor

  • stimulates cell growth via tyrosine kinases
  • epithelial cells: hepatocytes and fibroblasts
45
Q

TGF-beta

A

Transforming Growth Factor-beta

Angiogenesis, fibrosis, cell cycle arrest

46
Q

Metalloproteinases

A

Tissue remodeling

47
Q

VEGF

A

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor
increase endothelial cell motility and proliferation
- new capillaries sprout

48
Q

Chromatolysis

A

Nerve cell body after axonal injury. Inc protein synthesis in effort to repair the damaged axon

  • round cellular swelling
  • displacement of the nucleus to the periphery
  • dispersion of Nissl substance throughout cytoplasm
49
Q

Granuloma Chemokines

A

Th1 secrete IFN-gamma –> activate macrophages –> TNF-alpha –> induce and maintain granuloma formation

50
Q

Pyknosis

A

Nuclear skrinkage (in apoptosis)

51
Q

Karyorrhexis

A 
Nuclear fragmentation (in apoptosis)
- DNA laddering: endonucleases cleave at internucleosomal regions (yield 180bp fragments)
52
Q

Fas Defect

A

Fas-FasL interaction is necessary in thymic medullary negative selection

  • mutations increase the number of circulating self-reacting lymphocytes due to failure of clonal deletion
  • AUTOIMMUNE disease
53
Q

FADD

A

Fas Associated Death Domain

  • bind inactive caspases and activates them (caspase 8-10)
  • –> executioner caspases initiate apoptosis
54
Q

Cachexia

A

wgt loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease (cancer, AIDS, heart failure)
mediated by TNF-alpha (nickname Cachectin)

USMLE Step 1 (8 decks)

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