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USMLE Step 1 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

IL-1

A

aka osteoclast activating factor
Macrophages:
- inc neutrophil and macrophage migration (recruitment)
- inc acute phase reactants, fever and shock

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2
Q

IL-2

A

T Cells:

  • inc T cell activation and proliferation
  • inc NK cell and macrophage activity
  • inc B cell growth
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3
Q

IL-3

A

T cells

  • inc hematopoiesis (supports growth and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells)
  • functions like GM-CSF
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4
Q

IL-4

A 
Th2 cells
- inc Th2 cell differentiation
- inc B cell growth
- inc isotype switch to IgE and IgG
for parasites (stationed below intestines)
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5
Q

IL-5

A

Th2 cells
- inc differentiation of eosinophils
- inc isotype switching to IgA
growth and differentation of eosinophils (IgA for bacteria digested in gut in Peyers patches)

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6
Q

IL-6

A

Macrophages
- inc T and B cell growth
- inc osteoclast activity
causes fever and acute phase proteins

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7
Q

IL-8

A

Macrophages and T cells
- inc neutrophil activation and chemotaxis
“clean up on aisle 8”

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8
Q

IL-10

A

Th2 cells (INHIBITOR)

  • dec Th1 cell differentiation
  • dec cell-mediation immunity and APC activity
  • inc B cell function
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9
Q

IL-12

A

Macrophages

  • inc Th1 cell differentiation
  • inc **NK cell and CD8+ T cell activity
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10
Q

Follicle of LN

A

B cell localization
secondary follicle: pale central germinal centers
hyperplasia in Rheumatoid Arthritis

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11
Q

Paracortex of LN

A

T cells
not well developed in DiGeorge
hyperplasia in extreme cellular immune response (virus: EBV)

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12
Q

Axillary LN

A

Breast, upper limb

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13
Q

Celiac LN

A

Stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, upper duodenum

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14
Q

Superior mesenteric LN

A

lower duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon to splenic flexure

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15
Q

Inferior mesenteric LN

A

colon from splenic flexure to upper rectum

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16
Q

Internal Iliac LN

A

lower rectum to anal canal; bladder; vagina; prostate

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17
Q

Para-aortic LN

A

Testes, ovaries, kidneys, uterus

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18
Q

Superficial inguinal

A

Anal canal (below pectinate line)

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19
Q

Right Lymphatic Duct

A

right side of body above diaphragm

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20
Q

Thoracic Duct

A

drains into junction of left subclavian and internal jugular veins

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21
Q

Splenic Dysfunction

A

dec IgM = dec complement = dec C3b = inc susceptibility to encapsulated organisms

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22
Q

Thymus (regions)

A

Cortex = dense with immature T cells
medullar = pale with mature T cells
3rd Pharyngeal Pouch (ThImus)

23
Q

Hepcidin

A

Prevents release of iron bound by ferritin.

–> anemia of chronic disease

24
Q

C-reactive protein

A

Upregulated in immune response

Opsonin: fixes complement and facilitates phagocytosis. Measured clinically as sign of ongoing inflammation

25
TNF-alpha
Macrophages - mediates SEPTIC SHOCK - activates endothelium: causes leukocyte recruitment and vascular leak used by macrophages to kill tumor cells and infected cells
26
Interferon-Gamma
From Th1 cells - has antiviral and antitumor properties - activates NK cells to kill virus-infected cells - increases MHC expression and antigen presentation in all cells GAMMA KNIFE for tumor removal
27
C5a
neutrophil chemotaxis
28
C3b
opsonization
29
C3a
anaphylaxis
30
CD55
decay acceleration factor | prevents complement activation on RBCs
31
C1 esterase inhibitor deficiency
causes hereditary angioedema | ACE inhibitors contraindicated (they block the breakdown of bradykinin)
32
C3 deficiency
increases risk of severe, recurrent pyogenic sinus and respiratory tract infections; inc susceptibility to type III hypersensitivity reactions
33
C5-C9 deficiencies
increases susceptibility to recurrent Neisseria bacteremia
34
DAF (GPI anchored enzyme) deficiency
causes complement mediated lysis of RBCs and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
35
CD16
NK cells
36
CD56
NK Cells | Unique marker
37
CD15
Reed Sternberg cells
38
CD22
Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia
39
CD14
macrophages | stimulated directly the endotoxins/LPS: Th cells not involved
40
CD40 ligand
on Helper T cells to bind CD40 on B cells
41
Interferon alpha
glycoproteins synthesized by virally infected cells to act on uninfected cells to "prime them" for defense When a virus infects a primed cell: - RNAase L --> degrades both viral and host mRNA - Protein Kinase --> inhibition of viral/host protein synthesis
42
PDGF
Platelet Derived Growth Factor from activated platelets and macrophages - induces vascular remodeling and smooth muscle cell migration - stimulates fibroblast growth for collagen synthesis
43
FGF
Fibroblast Growth Factor | - stimulates all aspects of angiogenesis (endothelial cell production)
44
EGF
Epidermal Growth Factor - stimulates cell growth via tyrosine kinases - epithelial cells: hepatocytes and fibroblasts
45
TGF-beta
Transforming Growth Factor-beta | Angiogenesis, fibrosis, cell cycle arrest
46
Metalloproteinases
Tissue remodeling
47
VEGF
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor increase endothelial cell motility and proliferation - new capillaries sprout
48
Chromatolysis
Nerve cell body after axonal injury. Inc protein synthesis in effort to repair the damaged axon - round cellular swelling - displacement of the nucleus to the periphery - dispersion of Nissl substance throughout cytoplasm
49
Granuloma Chemokines
Th1 secrete IFN-gamma --> activate macrophages --> TNF-alpha --> induce and maintain granuloma formation
50
Pyknosis
Nuclear skrinkage (in apoptosis)
51
Karyorrhexis
``` Nuclear fragmentation (in apoptosis) - DNA laddering: endonucleases cleave at internucleosomal regions (yield 180bp fragments) ```
52
Fas Defect
Fas-FasL interaction is necessary in thymic medullary negative selection - mutations increase the number of circulating self-reacting lymphocytes due to failure of clonal deletion - AUTOIMMUNE disease
53
FADD
Fas Associated Death Domain - bind inactive caspases and activates them (caspase 8-10) - --> executioner caspases initiate apoptosis
54
Cachexia
wgt loss, muscle atrophy, and fatigue that occur in chronic disease (cancer, AIDS, heart failure) mediated by TNF-alpha (nickname Cachectin)

USMLE Step 1 (8 decks)

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