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ICB - Immunology > Immunology 2 > Flashcards

Immunology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are primary (or central) lymphoid tissues?

A

Where lymphocytes develop

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2
Q

What are secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Where the adaptive immunity response are initiated

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3
Q

Give an example of primary lymphoid tissue?

A

Bone marrow, thymus

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4
Q

Give an example of secondary lymphoid tissue?

A

Lymph nodes, Spleen, Mucosa-associated lympohd tissue (e.g.peyers patches, appendix, BALT)

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5
Q

What is a thymocyte?

A

An immature T cell that moves out tof the bone marrow and migrates into the thymus

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6
Q

How many lobes does the thymus have?

A
  1. It is bi-lobed.
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7
Q

Lobules are separates by connective tissue called what?

A

Trabeculae

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8
Q

Each lobule has an outer WHAT and inner WHAT?

A

outer cortex

inner medulla

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9
Q

What do nurse cells do?

A

They are involved in selecting thymocytes to ensure they are mature when they leave the thymus

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10
Q

The cortex is

a) loosely packed with cells
b) tightly packed with cells

A

b) tightly packed with cells

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11
Q

The medulla is

a) loosely packed with cells
b) tightly packed with cells

A

a) loosely packed with cells

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12
Q

The site of positive selection is

a) the cortex
b) the medulla

A

a) the cortex

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13
Q

The site of negative selection is

a) the cortex
b) the medulla

A

b) the medulla

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14
Q

Cd stands for what?

A

cluster of differentiation

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15
Q

Mature cells are all CD3+. True or false.

A

True

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16
Q

CD8 interacts with

a) MHC class 1
b) MHC class 2

A

a) MHC class 1

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17
Q

CD4 interacts with

a) MHC class 1
b) MHC class 2

A

b)MHC class 2

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18
Q

Immature T cells are CD3-, CD4- and CD8-. What is this state called?

A

Double negative thymocytes

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19
Q

Interaction with what causes the production of CD3, CD4, CD8 in T cells?

A

Cortical Epithelial cells and Dendritic cells

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20
Q

Immature T cells activated to express CD3, CD4 and CD8, following positive selection of cells in the thymus, are called what?

A

double positive thymocytes

21
Q

CD4+ t cells are known as

A

helper T cells

22
Q

CD8+ t cells are known as

A

cytotoxic T cells

23
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Molecule that can be recognised by lymphocytes as foreign and has a defined shape.

24
Q

Antigens are transported tot he lymph nodes by cells such as?

A

dendritic cells.

Bacteria can also be transported free

25
Q

Lymph nodes are situated at sites prone to infection. True or False.

A

True

26
Q

What are bean shaped structures which filter and trap antigen from the lymph.

A

Lymph nodes

27
Q

Where in the lymph nodes do B cells get activated?

A

Cortex

28
Q

Where in lymph nodes do T cells get activated?

A

Paracortex

29
Q

What is the general name of how lymphocytes cross the endothelium?

A

rolling behaviour

30
Q

In rolling behaviour L-selectin on the lymphocyte binds to what?
And with what affinity?

A

Either glycCAM-1 (proteoglycan) or CD34 on the high endothelial venial (HEV).
Low affinity

31
Q

What is chemokine?

What does it do?

A

Chemokine is a chemoattractant cytokine which binds chemokine receptors on lymphocytes giving activation signal for adhesion molecule Ifa-1, which changes conformation and binds very tightly to ICAM-1.

32
Q

What affinity is the interaction between ICAM-1 and Ifa-1 in rolling behaviour?

A

Very tight

33
Q

What is the Germinal Centre?

A

The site where you get the proliferation of an activated B cell (releases b cells that differentiate into plasma cells into the lymphatic which leads to the blood stream)

34
Q

What are lymphoid follicles?

A

A loose network of follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) in a region rich in B cells.

35
Q

What is the difference between FDCs and DCs?

A 
FDC are not leukocytes and are not derived from bone marrow precursors.
They are also not phagocytic and do not express MHC class II proteins.
36
Q

The spleen is composed of red and WHAT pulp?

A

red and white pulp

37
Q

Is it the red or white pulp that acts as a lymph node?

A

white pulp

38
Q

What happens in the red pulp?

A
  • red blood cells disposed of
39
Q

What is the structure of the white pulp?

A

Lymphocytes surround a central arteriole forming Periarteriolar Lymphoid Sheaths (PALS).
Primary follicles are attached to PALS where you get differentiating lymphocytes

40
Q

MALT protects mucus membranes lining what?

A

digestive, respiratory and urogenital systems

41
Q

BALT is a form of MALT. True or false

A

True

42
Q

What is the function of MALT?

A

protects the gut

43
Q

peyers patches are a form of what?

A

lymph nodes. They are a form of GALT

44
Q

What is an M cell?

A

An M cell (microfold) is a specialised cell above the peyers patches which transportantigen from the gut into the lymphoid tissue

45
Q

What are intraepithelial lymphocytes?

A

specialised lymphocytes that localise in the epithelial layer (they are able to leave and circulate also)

46
Q

Naiive T cells have L-selectin which binds WHAT and alpha4beta7 which binds WHAT?

A

L-selectin binds GlyCAM-1

alpha4beta7 binds MadCAM-1

47
Q

Cells activated in peyers patches have high/low a4b7 and high/low L-selectin.

A

cells activated in PPs have high α4b7 and low L-selectin which helps them re-enter the secondary lymphoid organ where they encountered Antigen

48
Q

what does a4b7 do

A

Encourages localisation in mucosal tissue cell the first encountered the antigen

ICB - Immunology (8 decks)

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