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Immunology > Immunology 2 > Flashcards

Immunology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the first line of defence for the body?

A

Physical barriers:
Skin - turn over rate means microorganisms are shed; low pH; sweat glands secrete protective oils
Mucous - traps foreign particle in mucociliary escalator; has antimicrobial properties
Commensal bacteria - on skin and in GI tract compete with pathogens

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2
Q

What is the immune system?

A

Network of specialised cells, tissues and soluble factors cooperating to kill disease-causing pathogens and cancer cells

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3
Q

What are the major components of the immune system?

A

Wbcs

Soluble/humoral factors

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4
Q

What are the wbcs?

A

Phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes/macrophages, dendritic cells)

Lymphocytes (T and B cells, Natural Killer cells)

Mast cells
Eosinophils
Basophils

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5
Q

What are soluble/humoral factors?

A

Antibodies
Complement System proteins
Cytokines (involved with cell signalling)
Acute Phase Proteins

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6
Q

What are antibodies? What do they do?

A

Immunoglobins (glycoproteins) produced in response to an antigen and bind to it

Provide defence against extracellular pathogens and toxins

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7
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Substance that can stimulate immune response

Have an EPITOPE, that is complementary to the antibody

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8
Q

What is the complement system? What is the function?

A

Family of around 30 different proteins produced in the LIVER.

Helps/complements ability of antibodies/phagocytes to clear pathogens

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9
Q

How do complement proteins work?

A

Enter infected/inflamed tissue and activated
Can enzymatically cleave and activate other downstream complement proteins in a biological CASCADE (capacity for HUGE AMPLIFICATION of response)

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10
Q

What are cytokines and when are they produced?

A

Small proteins involved with cell signalling and have a short half-life

Produced in response to infection, inflammation, tissue damage

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11
Q

Give examples of cytokines and what they do

A

Interferons - anti-viral activity

Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNFα) - pro-inflammatory cytokine

Chemokines - control and direct cell migration via chemotaxis

Interleukins - various functions

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12
Q

Where do cells of the immune system originate from?

A

From haematopoietic stem cells

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13
Q

What are the phagocytic cells and what do they do?

A

Monocytes, macrophages (in tissue), neutrophils

Ingest and kill bacteria/fungi (phagocytosis)

Ingest and clear debris, like dead/dying apoptotic cells and immune complexes (antigen/antibody complexes)

Sources of cytokines that regulate acute inflammatory responses

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14
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Circulate in blood (5% of all wbcs)

Migrate into peripheral tissues and differentiate into MACROPHAGES

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15
Q

What are the macrophages?

A 
Long-lived tissue resident phagocytes:
Kupffer cells
Alveolar macrophages
Mesangial cells
Microglial cells
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16
Q

What do macrophages do, in addition to phagocytosis?

A

Limit inflammation
Involved in tissue repair and wound healing
Involved in antigen presentation

17
Q

What are neutrophils? Where do they go once out of blood?

A

AKA polymorphnuclear cells (PMNS). Short-lived cells (half-life of 6 hrs in blood)

Phagocytic cells circulating in blood (50-70% of wbcs)

Rapidly recruited into inflamed, damaged and infected tissues

18
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

Antigen presenting cells (enable antigen recognition by T cells)

19
Q

How do dendritic cells work?

A

Present in peripheral tissues in “immature” state
Phagocytose antigens
Mature and migrate into secondary lymphoid tissues (play key role in antigen presentation)

20
Q

Dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils in order of killing ability?

A

Neutrophils
Macrophages
Dendritic cells

21
Q

Dendritic cells, macrophages and neutrophils in order of ability to present antigens?

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Neutrophils

22
Q

What are mast cells? Function?

A

Reside in tissues and protect mucosal surfaces

23
Q

What do basophils and eosinophils do?

A

Circulate in blood until recruitment to infected sites by inflammatory signals

24
Q

What do mast cells, basophils and eosinophils have in common?

A

Highly granular cells and are the defence system against large pathogens that cannot be phagocytosed, like parasitic worms

Release chemical, like histamines , heparin and cytokines - involved with acute inflammation

Key role in mediating allergic response (overactive immune response to harmless substances)

Anti-histamines

25
Q

What are Natural Killer (NK) cells? Function?

A

Large granular lymphocytes that release lytic granules to kills tumour cells and virus-infected cells

Can also kills antibody-bound cells/pathogens

26
Q

What do T and B cells have in common?

A

Mature cells constantly circulating blood, lymph and secondary lymphoid tissues

Inactive until meeting with a pathogen/antigen

Some are very long-lived (memory T and B cells)

27
Q

What do B cells do?

A

Involved with HUMORAL immune response

Produce/secrete ANTIBODIES to defend against EXTRACELLULAR pathogens

28
Q

What do T cells do?

A

Defend against INTRACELLULAR pathogens (viruses, etc)

29
Q

Types of T cells?

A

Helper T cells - regulators of immune system

Cytotoxic T cells - kill virally infected cells

30
Q

What is the basis of immunological memory?

A

Once ADAPTIVE immune system has recognised/responded to a specific antigen, it will exhibit LIFE-LONG immunity to this antigen

Mediated by MEMORY T and B cells

31
Q

What are the primary lymphoid tissues?

A

Where wbcs form and mature:
Red bone marrow
Thymus gland

32
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A 
Where lymphocytes are activated:
Lymph nodes
Tonsils
Spleen
MALT (Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissues)

Sites where adaptive immune responses are initiates (contain T and B cells, and dendritic cells)

33
Q

What are the two types of immune system?

A

Innate immune system

Adaptive immune system

34
Q

What characterises the innate immune system?

A

RAPID response

Same GENERAL response to many different pathogens

35
Q

What characterises the adaptive immune system?

A

SLOW response
Response is UNIQUE to each individual pathogen
Mediated by T and B cells
Responsible for IMMUNOLOGICAL MEMORY

36
Q

What is the lymphatic system?

A

System of vessels that drain tissue fluid (lymph)

LYMPH NODES are regularly positioned along lymphatic vessels - trap pathogens/antigens in lymph

37
Q

What is lymphoedema?

A

AKA lymphatic obstsruction
Localised fluid retention and tissue swelling due to compromised lymphatic system (normally interstitial fluid in returned to bloodstream via thoracic duct)

38
Q

What are the causes of lymphoedema?

A

Inherited
Cancer
Parasitic infections

Tissues with lymphoedema are at risk of infection

Immunology (12 decks)

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