Immunology Flashcards
Example of failure of specificity of antigen
Acute rheumatic fever
Hapten antigen
Has antiginicity
Lacks immunogenicity
How hapten can be changed into complete antigen
Attaching it to a carrier protein
Toxic shock syndrome due to
Superantigen.
Polyclonal activation of T helper cells
E.g of superantigens
Staphylococcal enterotoxins.
TSST.1(Toxic shock syndrome toxin.
Streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxin.
Epidermolytic toxin
Exact bond formation between antigen and antibody in
Hyper variable/hotspot/idiotype region
IgM activates which complement pathway
Classical
Agglutinating antibody
IgM
Lyric antibody
IgM
Opsonizing antibody
IgG
Precipitating antibody
IgG
Local/secretory/mucosal antibody
IgA
Homocytotrophic antibody
IgE
Microbes which have mannose on their surface
C2NS+L
Candida albicans
Cryptococcus neoformans
Neisseria
Salmonella
Listeria monocytogenes
Classical pathway C3 convertase
C1C4bC2a
Classical pathway C5 convertase
C1C4bC2aC3b
Alternative pathway C5 convertase
C3bBbC3b
Alternative pathway C3 convertase
C3bBb
Lectin pathway C3 convertase
MBL,MASP1,MASP2,C4bC2a
Lectin pathway C5 convertase
MBL, MASP1, MASP2, C4bC2aC3b
Precipitation Reaction –ring test e.g.
1- streptococcal grouping by lancefield technique
2- Ascoli’s thermo precipitating test(Anthroax)
Precipitation Reaction – flocculation test e.g.
Slide- VDRL test
Test tube- kahn test
Microscopic agglutination test is gold standard for
Leptospirosis
Diagnostic application of heterophile antigens
In serological test,e.g:
1- weil- felix reaction
2- paul bunnell test
3- cold aggulutination test and Streptococcas MG test
Weil felix reaction
1- for
2-Antibody for:
3-Cross antigen:
1- typhus fever
2- rickettsial antigen
3- proteus antigen
Paul- Bunnell test
1-for
2- antibody for
3- cross
1- infectious mononucleosis
2- epstein-barr virus
3- sheep rbc antigen
Cold aggulutination test
1- for
2- antibody against
3- cross
1- primary atypical pneumonia
2- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
3- O blood group rbc
Streptococcas MG test
1- for
2- antibody against
3- cross
1- primary atypical pneumonia
2- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
3- Streptococcas MG antigen
Examples of antigen adjuvant
1- alum
2- mineral oil(paraffin)
3- freund’s complete adjuvant
4- LPS/ lipopolysaccharide
5- mycobacterium bovis
6- toxoid (diphtheria toxoid and tetanus toxoid for Haemoplilus influenzae
First antibody to be synthesized in fetal life
IgM
Therapeutic use of mAb
Adalimumab and infliximab ab against TNF-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis
mAb used against TNF-alpha in rheumatoid arthritis
Adalimumab,
Infliximab
