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Physiology 1 - Ashley > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between interferon and interferon gamma?

A

Interferon (type I) is secreted by virus-infected cells to signal nearby cells to beware/protect their machinery.

Interferon gamma (type II) is secreted by NK cells and activated helper T cells to signal cytotoxic T cells, NK cells and macrophages to proliferate and to secrete cytotoxic compounds

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2
Q

What is the one cell type that all APCs only ever present to?

A

Helper T cell

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3
Q

MHC I:
Who expresses it?
What is it displaying?
Who recognizes it (who is it displayed TO)?

A

MHC I is expressed by all nucleated body cells (i.e., not RBCs)
MHC I is displaying bits and pieces from inside the cell (may include virus or cancer)
MHC I is recognized by CD8 on cytotoxic T cells

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4
Q

MHC II:
Who expresses it?
What is it displaying?
Who recognizes it (who is it displayed TO)?

A

MHC II is expressed by APCs (antigen-presenting cells - macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells)
MHC II is displaying bits and pieces from things that the cell has phagocytosed (i.e. things from extracellular environment of body - may include bacteria, parasite, etc)
MHC II is recognized by CD4 on helper T cells

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5
Q

Which lymphocyte type is necessary in order to activate the adaptive response?

A

Helper T cell

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6
Q

Which type of helper T cell activates B cells and which type activates cytotoxic T cells?

A

B cells are activated by TH2

Cytotoxic T cells are activated by TH1

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7
Q

What class of antibody do B cells have on their surfaces as receptors?

A

IgM

according to Dr. Cameron - book says they use whichever type of antibody they are going to eventually produce

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8
Q

Name 4 cell types that have Fc receptors on their surface.

A
  • B cells* (use IgM antibodies as antigen receptors - IgM is attached to B cell surface via Fc portion of antibody)
  • Mast cells* (have IgE attached to their surfaces that gets sensitized)
  • Macrophages* (to use antibodies as opsonins)
  • NK cells* (to signal that the cells with antibody attached should be destroyed)
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9
Q

Which antibody class gets secreted to mucosa?

A

IgA dimer

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10
Q

Which antibody class binds to parasites?

A

IgE

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11
Q

Which antibody class forms a pentamer in blood?

A

IgM

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12
Q

Which antibody class crosses the placenta to provide passive immunity for fetus?

A

IgG

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13
Q

Which antibody class is found in breast milk and provides passive immunity for breastfed baby?

A

IgA

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14
Q

Which antibody class is the first to be secreted in a PRIMARY response to a given infection?

A

IgM

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15
Q

Which antibody class is the second to be secreted in a PRIMARY response to a given infection?

A

IgG

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16
Q

Which antibody class is the first to be secreted in the SECOND response to a given infection?

A

IgG

17
Q

Which antibody class is secreted in HIGH AMOUNTS in the SECOND response to a given infection?

A

IgG

18
Q

Type I hypersensitivity:
Onset timing?
Main cells/players?

A

Immediate/rapid onset (e.g. peanut allergy)

Sensitized mast cells with IgE on surface

19
Q

Type II (cytotoxic) hypersensitivity:
Onset timing?
Main cells/players?

A

Reaction on initial contact (e.g. blood typing)

Antibodies reacting to antigen on cells -> complement

20
Q

Type III (immune complex) hypersensitivity:
Onset timing?
Main cells/players?

A

Takes days to damage surrounding tissue e.g. kidney

IgM and IgG in blood become saturated with their antigen, precipitate, complement is activated

21
Q

Type IV (delayed) hypersensitivity:
Onset timing?
Main cells/players?

A

A few days (e.g. TB skin test, contact dermatitis, rejection of grafts)
Activated helper T cells, macrophages

22
Q

Who releases and who responds to IL-1 & TNF?

A

Macrophages release IL-1 and TNF as they dock with a helper T cell…gets the helper T cell going

23
Q

Who releases and who responds to IL-2?

A

Helper T cells release IL-2 to activate nearby cells who are seeing their antigen (including themselves!) - could be cytotoxic T cells, could be B cells

24
Q

How do cytotoxic T cells kill?

A

perforin, granzymes

25
Q

What is the function of regulatory T cells?

A

suppress activity of self-reactive cells and prevent autoimmunity

26
Q

What cytokines are associated with regulatory T cells?

A

IL-10, TGF-β

27
Q

What class of Ab is floating around in the blood and can attach to a bacteria as an opsonin? (i.e. what Ab persists after an infection?)

A

IgG

28
Q

Which immune cells are destroyed by HIV infection?

A

Helper T cells (HIV attaches to cells with CD4 - helper T cells)

Physiology 1 - Ashley (4 decks)

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