Immunology

Question 1

5 signs of inflammation

Answer 1

1. Heat (increased blood flow and cell spending energy)
2. Redness (increased blood flow)
3. Swelling (increase in vascular permeability)
4. Pain
5. Loss of function

Question 2

How can inflammation cause damage to healthy cells

Answer 2

Through Toxic mediators, they destroy whatever they can healthy and dangerous

Question 3

If immune cells don not go through apoptosis or inflammation is triggered inappropriately is that a problem?

Answer 3

Yes, because it can lead to chronic inflammation where the immune cells attack healthy tissues

Question 4

What is cytokine redundancy?

Answer 4

Different Cytokines can have the same function

Different cell types can secrete the same cytokine

A single cytokine can act on several cell types

One cytokine can have several functions

Pleotropic

Question 5

What jobs do cytokines have?

Answer 5

Orchestrate inflammatory responses
can activate or recruit immune cells also involved in innate and adaptive responses
Cell communication

Question 6

Can cytokines just be pro-inflammatory?

Answer 6

No, they can be Pro and Anti Inflammatory

Question 7

Resident Immune cells in tissues

Answer 7

Macrophages and dendritic cells

Question 8

how are Immune cells recruited

Answer 8

Cells are recruited from circulation or from lymph nodes

Question 9

What is the sequence of inflammation

Answer 9

1. leukocytes respond to a chemotactic signal
2. Chemotaxis is the movement of cells towards a chemical cytokine stimulus
3. luekocytes attach to the vessel wall
4. Make contact with endothelial cells
5. Leukocytes roll/move along the vessel wall
6. Leukocytes traverse the endothelium
7. trans endothelial migration

Question 10

Innate vs Adaptive immune response

Answer 10

innate - non-specific, fast, no memory
Adaptive - Specific, slow, activated by the innate system, has memory

Question 11

Epithelial barriers

Answer 11

Lung, gut and skin
can be one or multiple layers
Mucus

Question 12

Phagocytic cells

Answer 12

Macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells
Phagocytose foreign material
destroyed in the cell
Can present antigens to other cells to stimulate an adaptive immune response

Question 13

What is Complement

Answer 13

it is part of the humoral system and consists of soluble proteins (Which are inactive until triggered by inflammation) bind to pathogens to enhance their uptake by immune cells

Question 14

B cells

Answer 14

B cells exposed to the pathogen stimulate a increase in B cells. Which produce specific antibodies, Then promotes recognition by phagocytes to kill the pathogen

Question 15

T cells

Answer 15

Antigen presenting cells (APCs) present antigen to T cell stimulates specific T cells to kill the infected, T cells can also activate other cells via cytokine release

Question 16

Adaptive response memory cells

Answer 16

1. During an immune response T or B cells increase to remove pathogen
2. clonal expansion
3. following removal a few cells remain
4. Memory T and B cells
5. immune systems response quickly if ever exposed again to the pathogen

Question 17

Name types of immune cells with lobed nuclei

Answer 17

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil

Question 18

Name types of immune cells with normal nucleus

Answer 18

monocyte and macrophage, lymphocytes T and B, Mast cells, Dendritic cells