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Dave’s Derm Dumpster > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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1
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow
Thymus

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2
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Lymph nodes

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3
Q

Exists prior to infection
Responds rapidly

A

Innate immunity

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4
Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Develops after exposure

Remembers antigens

Mounts specific response

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5
Q

Leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Monocytes
Lymphocytes

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6
Q

Tissue resident sentinel cells

A

Dendritic cells
Macrophages
Mast cells

Secrete cytokines & inflammatory mediators

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7
Q

Cytokines

A

Pro-inflammatory proteins

Released by dendritic cells, macrophages & mast cells

Bind to receptors on venule endothelial cells

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8
Q

Pus

A

Bacteria killed by neutrophils

DNA extruded by neutrophils

Apoptotic neutrophils

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9
Q

Adhesion molecules

A

On luminal endothelium

E-selectin - low affinity, binds to E-selectin ligand & slows

ICAM-1 - high affinity, binds to integrins (e.g., LFA-1) & arrests

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10
Q

Origins of macrophages

A

Tissue resident - embryonic precursors

Monocyte-differentiated - bone marrow-derived monocytes

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11
Q

Defensins

A

Small, positively charged peptides

on skin in sweat, saliva & other secretions

with broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against bacteria, fungi & some viruses

by disrupting cell membranes

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12
Q

Epithelial cells

A

Provide physical barrier

Produce defensins, cytokines & chemokines

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13
Q

Sentinel cell that detects viruses & releases type 1 interferons

A

Plasmacytoid dendritic cell (pDC)

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14
Q

Type 1 interferons are cytokines produced by

A

pDCs

Trigger neighboring cells to synthesize protective proteins which induce antiviral state

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15
Q

Antiviral state triggers

A

proteins that bind to dsRNA

which activates
further anti-viral signaling
expression of apoptosis genes & RNase that degrades some viral RNAs

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16
Q

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) are molecules common on

A

pathogens but not on vertebrate cells

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17
Q

Lipo polysaccharide (LPS)

A

A PAMP expressed on many gram-negative bacteria

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18
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

bind to PAMPs & activate immune response

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19
Q

Toll-like receptors recognize & bind to

A

PAMPs

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20
Q

Bacteria PAMPs
(Recognized by pattern recognition receptors)

A

LPS
Flagellin
Peptidoglycan
Teichoic acids

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21
Q

Virus PAMPs
(Recognized by pattern recognition receptors)

A

Single-stranded RNA
Double-stranded RNA
Double-stranded DNA

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22
Q

PRR signaling leads to production of

A

cytokines such as Type 1 IFNs, IL-1 & TNF-a

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23
Q

Viral PAMPs bind to

A

Endosomal TLRs

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24
Q

Bacterial PAMPs bind to

A

Cell membrane TLRs

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25
Q

TLRs induce proinflammatory cytokine transcription by activating

A

NF Kappa B

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26
Q

Endosomal TLRs activate

A

Type 1 interferon

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27
Q

Opsonin that coats bacteria

Also plays a role in activating cleavage of C5

A

C3b

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28
Q

C9 is a protein that forms

A

a pore (MAC) which kills bacteria by punching holes in membranes

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29
Q

Antibodies (e.g., IgM & IgG) bind to

A

microbes

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30
Q

Agglutinins & Natural antibodies (IgM & IgG)

A

Agglutinate (clump/immobilize) microbes & fix/activate complement

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31
Q

C3 cleavage pathways

A

Spontaneous/alternative - microbial surface activates

Antibodies/classical - C1q binds Ab on microbe

Lectin - agglutinins recognize carbohydrates & bind to microbe

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32
Q

All 3 complement pathways activate C3 to produce

A

C3a - inflammation

C3b - opsonization to induce phagocytosis

Lysis

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33
Q

C9 pore

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC)

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34
Q

Complement system defends against bacteria via

A
  • inflammation
  • lysis
  • opsonization
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35
Q

Adaptive immunity is comprised of 2 connected systems

A

Humoral immunity - B cells (type of lymphocyte) produce plasma cells which produce antibodies that protect against microbes outside of cells

Cell-mediated immunity - T cells produce Helper T cells which activate other immune cells & Cytotoxic T cells which kill infected cells

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36
Q

4 ways antibodies work

A

Neutralization
Opsonization
Complement fixation (porous)
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (viral)

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37
Q

Antibodies are tetramers composed of

A

2 heavy peptide chains
2 light peptide chains

Each chain has 3 fingers projecting from variable region forming antigen binding site

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38
Q

Antibody classes

A

IgG - most common
IgA - in gut, protease resistant, dimer
IgM - low affinity, high avidity, pentamer
IgD - in blood
IgE - allergy & helminths

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39
Q

Fc portion of antibody is on

A

Heavy chain

Bound to complement
or
Recognized by receptors in phagocytes or natural killer cells

Receptors on neutrophils, NK cells & macrophages

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40
Q

Antibody isotypes that require J chains

A

IgA (dimer)
IgM (pentamer)

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41
Q

Ig cause disease by

A

Binding to self-antigens
Or
Depositing antibody-antigen immune complexes in vessel walls
Then
Complement fixation (lyse)
Opsonization (phagocytosis)
Neutralization (blocks function)
Inflammation (self or microbial antigen on epithelial cell)

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42
Q

B cell receptors recognize

A

any antigen

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43
Q

T cell receptors recognize

A

1 antigen

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44
Q

Clonal selection

A

Process of microbial antigen finding its specific lymphocyte receptor

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45
Q

Lymphocyte proliferation after clonal selection

A

Clonal expansion

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46
Q

B cells mature in

A

Bone marrow

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47
Q

T cells mature in

A

Thymus

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48
Q

Granulocytes include

A

Neutrophils, basophils & eosinophils

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49
Q

Stage of development in which B cells first express immunoglobulin (IgG) heavy chains

A

Pre-B cell

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50
Q

Transmembrane proteins that bind to peptides & display them to T cells

A

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

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51
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (CTLs) express CD8 on surface and release

A

granules that induce apoptosis in infected cells

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52
Q

V, D & J segments make up

A

Antibody & T cell receptor genes

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53
Q

Genetic shuffling process that generates receptor diversity

A

VDJ recombination

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54
Q

Immune repertoire created by

A

Combinatorial & junctional diversity

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55
Q

Portion of antibody light chain protein that contains antigen binding site

A

N-terminus, which contains the variable region

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56
Q

Naive T cells undergo activation in lymph nodes to become

A

Effector T cells

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57
Q

CD4+ cells are also known as

A

Helper T cells

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58
Q

Co-receptor expressed by helper T cells

A

CD4+

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59
Q

Lymph nodes are meeting places for

A

Antigens and B & T cells

60
Q

Dendritic cells capture antigens &/or microbial proteins and break them down into

A

Peptides

61
Q

Dendritic cells become activated and

A
  • increase expression of molecules that activate T cells
  • migrate through lymphatics to lymph nodes
62
Q

MHC molecules display peptide antigen to

A

T cells

63
Q

CCR7 helps dendritic cells migrate to the

A

Lymph node

64
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs include

A

Lymph nodes, spleen & mucosal lymphoid tissue

65
Q

High endothelial venules allow naive T cells to leave circulation and enter lymph node by displaying

A

Chemokines & adhesion molecules

66
Q

Dendritic cells and naive T cells both have a chemokine receptor called

A

CCR7 (helps them interact in the interfollicular zone of lymph node)

67
Q

Signal #1 is an

A

Antigen

68
Q

Signal #2 is

A

Costimulation (provided by antigen presenting cell activated by a PAMP)

69
Q

Signal 1 + Signal 2 results in activation of naive T cells into

A

clonal expansion of effector T cells

70
Q

Main costimulatory molecules upregulated on the surface of activated DCs

A

B7-1 & B7-2

71
Q

Primary costimulatory receptor expressed on naive T cells

A

CD28

72
Q

T cells that get signal 1 without signal 2 will not be activated and will either

A

Die by apoptosis or become anergic (unresponsive)

73
Q

Two pathways of antigen presentation:

A
  • Lysosomal peptides load onto MHC class II molecules and are recognized by CD4+ T cells
  • Proteasomal peptides load on to MHC class 1 molecules and are recognized by CD8+ T cells
74
Q

CTLA-4 binds to B7 molecules, thus blocking CD28 signaling which

A

Attenuates T cell activation in lymph nodes

75
Q

PD-1 signaling leads to

A

T cell exhaustion at sites of infection and tumors

76
Q

B cell encounters its protein antigen, takes it up and displays it on

A

MHC Class II molecule

77
Q

T cells activate

A

B cells

78
Q

B cells present antigen to

A

CD4+ (helper) T cells

79
Q

What are the primary antigen presenting cells that initiate collaboration between B & T cells in the lymph node

A

Dendritic cells & B cells

80
Q

Molecule that promotes migration of B cell to T cell zone of lymph node

A

CCR7

81
Q

B cell presentation of peptide-MHC to the helper T cell induces expression of CD40L on the T cell which binds to

A

CD40 on the B cell

82
Q

Germinal center reaction leads to

A

High affinity antibodies
Isotype-switched antibodies
Long lived plasma cells
Memory B cells

83
Q

Most common Ig

Workhorse of humoral immunity

A

IgG

84
Q

Ig involved in allergy and response to helminths (worms)

A

IgE

85
Q

Protease-resistant Ig

Functions in the gut

A

IgA

86
Q

Low affinity, high avidity Ig

A

IgM

87
Q

Germinal center reaction causes antibody affinity to

A

Increase

88
Q

Expression of which chemokine receptor promotes migration of B and T cells into B cell follicle

A

CXCR5

89
Q

What two cells are generated by germinal center reaction from antigen specific B cells

A

Long-lived plasma cells
Memory B cells

90
Q

Antibody affinity for antigen increases due to mutations in the

A

Immunoglobulin heavy & light chain variable regions

91
Q

B cells differentiate into

A

Long-lived plasma cells that secrete antibodies

Memory B cells that generate more plasma cells

92
Q

Isotype switching creates IgA, IgG or IgE antibodies with

A

The same antigen specificity as the original IgM

93
Q

In response to Tfh signals, B cells undergo high rates of mutation in the

A

Variable region of Ig heavy and light chain genes

94
Q

B cells that express immunoglobulin receptors with high affinity for antigens displayed by follicular dendritic cells are rescued from

A

Apoptosis

95
Q

Ig isotype that neutralizes antibodies in blood & tissues

A

IgG

96
Q

Ig isotype that neutralizes antibodies in gut lumen

A

IgA

97
Q

Ig isotypes which activate/fix complement

A

IgG1, IgG3 & IgM

98
Q

Ig isotype which activates mast cells

A

IgE

99
Q

Ig isotypes responsible for opsonization & antibody-dependent cellular toxicity (bridging NK cells with infected cells)

A

IgG1 & IgG3

100
Q

Ig isotype which provides passive immunity to fetus

A

IgG

101
Q

Isotype switching alters antibody heavy chain (which changes ability to perform functions such as activation of complement and mast cells) but does not affect

A

Antibody affinity for the antigen

102
Q

Which Ig isotypes efficiently activate complement

A

IgM, IgG1 & IgG3

103
Q

Which Ig isotypes most efficiently neutralize protein function?

A

IgA & IgG

104
Q

Class switch recombination occurs in the constant region of the

A

Heavy chain gene

105
Q

Somatic hypermutation contributes to changes in the

A

B cell receptor antigen binding site

106
Q

To migrate toward B cell follicles in the lymph node and provide signals to activate B cells, activated T cells upregulate

A

CXCR5 & CD40L

107
Q

Extracellular microbes are killed by innate or adaptive immune cells?

A

Innate

108
Q

Activated T helper cells leave lymph nodes and migrate to

A

Infection sites

109
Q

T helper cells recognize microbial antigens and secrete

A

Cytokines

110
Q

T helper cells recognize microbial antigens and secrete

A

Cytokines

111
Q

Cytokines act on

A

Other immune cells

112
Q

What cytokines do Th cells produce?

A

Th1 - interferon gamma & CD40L; activate macrophages that kill intracellular microbes

Th2 - IL 4, 5, 13; activate eosinophils & gut tissue which kill helminths

Th17 - IL 17; activates acute inflammation & produces defensins which kill extracellular microbes

113
Q

Excessive activation of Th1 cells can cause

A

Granulomas

114
Q

Excessive activation of Th17 cells can lead to

A

Inflammation and tissue damage

115
Q

IL-22 induces

A

Proliferation of skin cells

116
Q

CD40 binding promotes

A

Germinal center reaction in B cells

Phagocytosis in macrophages

117
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have granules that contain

A

Perforin & granzymes

118
Q

To activate naive T cells, signal 1 is provided by the peptide-MHC complex which binds to the T cell receptor while signal 2 is provided by

A

B7 molecules which bind to CD28

119
Q

Primary effector functions of CTLs

A

Kill infected cells & release interferon gamma

120
Q

Reduction of antigen-specific effector lymphocytes after infection clears

A

Contraction

121
Q

Checkpoint inhibitor antibodies target

A

CTLA-4 (in lymph nodes) & PD-1 (in tissue)

122
Q

CTLA-4 binds to B7 with higher affinity than

A

CD28

123
Q

Tumors resist T cells by expressing

A

PD-L1

124
Q

CD8+ T cells become

A

Cytotoxic T cells

125
Q

CD4+ T cells become

A

Helper T cells

126
Q

B cells become

A

Plasma cells

127
Q

Disease in which development or function of T cells and B cells is impaired

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)

128
Q

Disease in which development of B cells is impaired

A

X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA)

129
Q

T cell central tolerance in thymus is mediated by

A

Clonal deletion of self-reactive cells

130
Q

B cell central tolerance in bone marrow is mediated by

A

Receptor editing

131
Q

T and B cell peripheral tolerance is mediated in part by

A

Regulatory T cells that suppress self-reactive cells

132
Q

Two chains of T cell receptors

A

Alpha & beta chains

133
Q

Two chains of B cell receptors

A

Heavy and light chains

134
Q

Types of autoimmune disease

A

B cells form antibodies block function of host protein

B cells form antibodies form immune complexes that impair organ function

T cells recognize self antigens, migrate into tissues and organs and cause inflammation

135
Q

Antibodies class switching to IgE then binding to mast cells is called

A

Sensitization

136
Q

Re-exposure to allergen leads to activation of

A

Mast cells

137
Q

DAMPs

A

Danger associated molecular patterns

138
Q

Primary immunologic barrier to transplantation

A

Polymorphisms in protein-coding genes

139
Q

Most important determinants of allogenic immune response

A

MHC (HLA) proteins

140
Q

Blood type is determined by

A

Carbohydrate antigens on surface

141
Q

HLA matching is used to

A

Reduce risk of transplant rejection

142
Q

Immunosuppressive drugs either

A

Block T cell activation or kill lymphocytes

143
Q

Introduction of DNA encoding an antibody into an individual

A

Vectored immunoprophylaxis

144
Q

Introducing into T cells a DNA sequence that contains the recognition portion of an antibody fused to signaling components of the T cell receptor

A

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells

145
Q

Reactivation of T cells that are nonfunctional due to inhibitory signaling by blocking inhibitory receptors

A

Checkpoint blockade

146
Q

Searching for antigens unique to a tumor and capable of binding to host MHC

A

Neoantigen discovery (tumor vaccine)

Dave’s Derm Dumpster (12 decks)

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