Immunology

Question 1

any microorganism that causes illness/disease

Answer 1

pathogens

Question 2

what is the first line of defense of the body?

Answer 2

innate immune system

Question 3

once the first line of defense is breached, what takes over that typically takes few days to be effective?

Answer 3

adaptive response

Question 4

what is the process that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules?

Answer 4

immunity

Question 5

immunity includes? give 5

Answer 5

1. inflammation
   2, complement activation
2. phagocytosis
3. antibody synthesis
4. effectors T lymphocytes

Question 6

two types of immunity

Answer 6

innate immunity and adaptive immunity

Question 7

2 division of adaptive immunity

Answer 7

natural and artificial

Question 8

natural adaptive immunity 2 types

Answer 8

passive: maternal, active: infection

Question 9

artificial adaptive immunity 2 types

Answer 9

passive: antibody transfer, active: immunization

Question 10

first line of defense: physical barriers of innate immunity are

Answer 10

epithelial cells (intact skin), and trapping of bacteria in mucus.

Question 11

first line of defense: chemical barriers of innate immunity are

Answer 11

secreted by cells and tissues, such as acidic pH of skin surface, complement, interferons, and lysozymes

Question 12

second line of defense: phagocytosis

Answer 12

process of white blood cells engulfing bacteria

Question 13

second line of defense: inflammation

Answer 13

nonspecific response to tissue damage that includes
1. chemical release
2. cellular movement
3. elimination of foreign material
4. tissue repair

Question 14

what is defensins?

Answer 14

defense; positively charged enzyme located primarily in GIT and lower respiratory tract; targets and disrupt bacterial membrane

Question 15

alpha-defensin

Answer 15

show to possess anti-barrel activity; inhibits HIV binding to chemoxin receptor type 4; interfering virus entry to cell

Question 16

a part of respiratory tract; a complex mixture with presence of mucin, proteins, proteases, and protease inhibitors

Answer 16

mucus

Question 17

the major component of mucosal epithelium

Answer 17

mucus

Question 18

some bacteria attach to the surface (epithelial cell) by means of

Answer 18

adhesive with the presence of pili (common in gonococcal infection)

Question 19

mechanical barrier that retards entry of microbes

Answer 19

skin

Question 20

what acidic environment retards growth of environment (sa skin)?

Answer 20

3-5 pH

Question 21

a normal flora that compete with microbes for attachment site and nutrients

Answer 21

mucous membranes

Question 22

a physiological barrier thats mechanism is the normal body temperature inhibiting growth of some pathogen

Answer 22

temperature

Question 23

physiological barrier: acidity of stomach contents kills most ingested microorganism

Answer 23

low pH

Question 24

two inflammatory barriers

Answer 24

phagocytic or endocytic barriers

Question 25

flow of inflammation

Answer 25

cardinal signs: redness (rubor), swelling (tumor), heat (calor), pain (dolor), loss of function (functio laesa)

Question 26

what is inflammation?

Answer 26

a sequence of events following tissue damage that protect the host from foreign invaders attempting to minimize damage tissue

Question 27

increased vascular permeability: upon injury, why are capillaries, arterioles, and venules dilated to the site of the injury?

Answer 27

to increase blood flow

Question 28

what happens when vascular permeability increases?

Answer 28

fluid moves from the circulation to the space around the injury bringing fibrinogen and PMNs (polymorphonuclear) to the injury site

Question 29

migration of neutrophils: after the injury, what are released?

Answer 29

chemotaxins and endothelial activating factors

Question 30

where do PMNs adheres?

Answer 30

to activated endothelial cells

Question 31

define diapedesis

Answer 31

the movement PMNs between endothelial cells to the site of tissue damage

Question 32

what is PMNs

Answer 32

polymorphonuclear neutrophilic leukocytes

Question 33

migration of mononuclear cells: macrophages release 1L-1 which attracts ??

Answer 33

monocytes, macrophages, and lymphocytes to the injury site

Question 34

how many hours will it take for mononuclear cells to migrate to the site of damage?

Answer 34

about 4 hours

Question 35

define cellular proliferation and repair

Answer 35

fibroblasts help repair the damage and return the injury site to normal cells

Question 36

an immune system that is acquired only after a specific challenge is encountered and responds specifically to the challenge

Answer 36

adaptive immune system

Question 37

what are the two responses of adaptive immune system?

Answer 37

humoral-meditated immunity (HMI), and cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Question 38

what adaptive response is against extracellular pathogens

Answer 38

humoral-mediated immunity

Question 39

an adaptive response wherein B lymphocyte is activated by T helper 2 cells (Th-2) to plasma cell

Answer 39

HMI

Question 40

an adaptive response wherein antibody is produced by plasma cells

Answer 40

HMI

Question 41

an adaptive response against intracellular pathogens

Answer 41

CMI

Question 42

an adaptive response where T helper-1 (Th-1) cells belong

Answer 42

CMI

Question 43

an adaptive response that includes natural killer cells that are against viral and tumor cells

Answer 43

CMI

Question 44

an adaptive response including Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

Answer 44

CMI

Question 45

define the natural active immunity of adaptive immunity

Answer 45

when the host is exposed to foreign immunogen as a result of infection, and the host immune cells manufacture specific products to eliminate foreign immunogen

Question 46

define the artificial active immunity of adaptive immunity

Answer 46

vaccination; immune system responds to an altered (noninfectious) organism

Question 47

active immunity of adaptive immunity: endures for life or short term?

Answer 47

endures for life

Question 48

define natural passive immunity of adaptive immunity

Answer 48

maternal antibodies crosses placenta to protect infant

Question 49

define artificial passive immunity of adaptive immunity

Answer 49

immune products from other animal injected into the host

Question 50

define adoptive transfer

Answer 50

passive transfer of lymphocytes

Question 51

passive immunity of adaptive immunity: is it for life or for short-term?

Answer 51

short term only, no memory cells are produced

Question 52

an adaptive immunity acquired through the normal life experiences of a human and is not induced through medical means

Answer 52

natural immunity

Question 53

an adaptive immunity that is produced purposefully through medical procedures (also called immunization)

Answer 53

artificial immunity