immunology Flashcards
adaptive immune system
superheros
B cells and t cells
get trained up to fight villains
encounter the villain which they recognise from training
defeat it
then even stronger cus they remember what they learn
innate immune system ways
frontline soldiers
When it senses trouble, it sends out signals to call for reinforcements and starts swelling up the area to trap and kill the invaders
phagocytes. These are like little Pac-Man cells that gobble up anything suspicious, like bacteria or dead cells, to keep the castle clean and safe.
innate immune system is like your body’s quick-response team
complement proteins
phagocytes
Basopjils
Mast cells
NK cells
type 3 hypersensitivity
immune complex
hours
antibodies attack antigens, they form little clumps. These clumps can settle in different parts of your body, like your joints or your skin, causing inflammation and damage
SLE and RA
farmers lung
post strep glomerulonephritis
type 1 hypersensitivity reaction
fast and furious. immediate
histamine release when body in contact with soemthing it thinks is harmful eg pollen or foods
allergies and asthma itching
schistosomiasis
type 2 hypersensitivity
fast . bound antigen
case of mistaken identity
starts attacking your own body cells instead of the actual invaders
autoimmune diseases
hashimotos
graves
immune haemolytic anaemia
haemolytic disease of newborn
blood transfusion reaction
type 4 hypersensitivity
delayed reaction (24-72h)
T cell mediated
get activated and start causing inflammation when they encounter something they think is harmful.
contact dermatitis
Hep B virus
coeliac antibodies against TtG
MS antibodies against CNS
RA anti CCP, RF
Type 1 diabetes - antibodies against pancreatic islets
mantoux test for TB
nickel and gold
poison ivy
adaptive immune system mediators type 1
IgE
adaptive immune system mediators type 2
IgG
adaptive immune system mediators type 3
IgG
adaptive immune system mediators type
T cells
innate immune system mediators type 1
mast cells
eosinophils
innate immune system mediators type 2
complement
phagocytes
innate immune system mediators type 3
complement netrophils
innate immune system mediators type 4
macrophages
sensitisation
term to describe the initial event that lead to the specific IgE being developed for that allergen
what can be measured to confirm anaphylaxis
Mast cell tryptase will be raised
investigation for type 1 hypersensitivity
skin prick testing
investigation for type 2 hypersensitivity
patch test for contact dermatitis
treatment type 1 hypersensitivity
B2 adrenergic agonists- salbutamol
epinephrine
antihistamines
LTRA- montelukast
corticosteroids
treatment for type 4 hypersensitivity
prevention by avoiding antigens
NSAID
corticosteroids
TNFa and IL6 i
B cell antibodies
immunosuppression
rejection (transplantation)
damage done by immune system to transplanted organ
autologous transplant
tissue returning to same individual after a period outside the body, usually in a frozen state
Syngeneic/Isograft Transplant is
transplant between identical twins; there is usually no problem with graft rejection
Allogeneic Transplant is
between genetically nonidentical members of the same species; there is always a risk of rejection
Cadaveric transplantation is
transplanting organs from a dead donor
Xenogeneic transplant takes place
between different species and carries the highest risk of rejection
criteria for transplantation
There must be good evidence that the damage is irreversible
That alternative treatments are not applicable
The disease must not recur
methods to minimise risk of rejection
The donor and recipient must be ABO compatible
The recipient must not have anti-donor human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies
The donor should be selected with as close as possible HLA match to the recipient
The patient must take immunosuppressive treatment
hyperacute rejection
rejection of transplantation within minutes to hours due to preformed antibodies
binding to either ABO blood group or HLA class I antigens on the graft, which triggers a type II hypersensitivity reaction and the graft is destroyed by vascular thrombosis.
Acute Rejection
rejection of transplantation within days to weeks due to CD8/CD4 T cells activated against donor HLA triggering a type IV hypersensitivity reaction
chronic rejection
within months to years due to CD4 T cells responding to recipient APCs presenting donor peptides, including allogeneic MHC
a donor must match a min of how many HLA markers
6
HLA cross matching
B cells from donor blood are mixed with recipient serum to ensure that the donor has not made any antibodies against donor antigens
HLA typing
genetic test used to identify immune system HLA variations
graft vs host disease
fatal type IV hypersensitivity reaction that occurs when grafted immunocompetent T cells (from bone marrow, or stem cells) proliferate in the immunocompromised host and reject host cells with ‘’foreign’’ proteins, commonly occuring in allogenic stem cell transplantation.
what do u give prior to stem cell transplant
high dose chemo with/without radiotherapy
prevention of hyperacute rejection
Careful ABO and HLA cross-matching
prevention of acute rejection
Careful HLA cross-matching
prevention of GvHD
Immunosuppressive drugs even if the donor and recipient are HLA identical
agents used to inhibit T cell activation for treatment of graft rejection
Anti-IL-2R (Basiliximab and Daclizumab)
Anti-T-Cell and Anti-Calcineurin (Cyclosporin, Tacrolimus)
mTOR Inhibition (Rapamycin)
Antiproliferatives (Methotrexate, Azathioprine, Mycophenolate, Mofetil)
