Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MultiSystem Module > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

0
Q

What are some key components of the adaptive immune system?

A

cellular components, T lymphocytes (cell-mediated immunity)

antibody-producing B lymphocytes (humoral immunity), referred to as B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

What are some major components of the innate immunity system?

A
  • physical barriers, such as skin and mucous membranes
  • cells: neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells
  • complement system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

“Humoral Immunity”?

A

Antibody-producing B lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cell-mediated immunity?

A

T lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is passive immunity? Examples?

A

Provided by preformed antibodies from a source outside of the body.
Antibodies in mothers’ milk for breast-fed infants
Administered antitoxins for tetanus or botulinum toxins
Administered antibodies to the Hep B or rabies virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Body’s intrinsic mechanism to fight infection. Slower onset than passive immunity, but has capacity for immune memory.
Components include lymphocytes and other immune cells, and lymphoid organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some primary lymphoid organs of the immune system?

A

Bone marrow, thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs?

A

spleen, lymph nodes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why can chemotherapy of radiation treatment result in leucopenia, and therefore immunosuppresion?

A

Bone marrow damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What process occurs in the bone marrow?

A

Hematopoiesis- Production of WBC and RBC

Maturation of B cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus: site of T cell differentiation, maturation and selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

One third of patients with a thymoma have what secondary condition?

A

Autoimmune disorder, such as myasthenia gravis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Patients without a spleen have an increased susceptibility to what kinds of bacteria?

A

Encapsulated bacteria: H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, N. meningitidis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the red pulp of the spleen consist of?

A

RBC storage and turnover

Contains rich vasculature with splenic cords of Billroth and fenestrated capillaries (sinusoids)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What occurs in the white pulp of the spleen?

A

Immune cell interaction.

Blood flows into white pulp through central arteriole surrounded by PALS of T Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where are the marginal zones located in the spleen? What is contained in the marginal zone?

A

Surrounds both the PALS and lymphocytic follicle and separates white and red pulp.
APC in the marginal zone ingest pathogens by phagocytosis, present to nearby lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

WHERE ARE T CELLS FOUND IN THE LYMPH nodes?

A

paracortex between the follicles and medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The right lymphatic duct drains what?
What drains all other body parts?
Where is the fluid returned to get back into circulation.

A

The right arm and right half of the head and neck.
Thoracic Duct.
R lymphatic duct -> right subclavian vein ; Thoracic duct -> left subclavian vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are some examples of peripheral lymphoid tissue?

A

GALT (Gut-associated lymphoid tissue, includes tonsils, appendix, and Peyer patches of intestines)
MALT (mucosal-assoc. lymphoid tissue)
BALT (broncial-associated lymphoid tissue)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Phagocytic Cells?

A

Neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Neutrophils are _____ cells present in _____ inflammatory responses. They contain ________ granules for killing pathogens, which is noted for its ability to catalyze the production of __________ ions.

A

myeloid; acute; myeloperoxidase; hypochlorite

21
Q

Macrophages are derived from _______ that leave the _______ and differentiate in response to cytokines.

A

monocytes; bloodstream

22
Q

Where are dendritic cells located?

A

Engulf antigens in epithelia of sin, gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts

23
Q

APCs?

A

Macrophages
Dendritic Cells
B cells

24
Q

Following phagocytosis of extracellular pathogens, APCs digest pathogen into peptides within what?
Peptides are then loaded on to what?

A

phagolysosomes.

Loaded onto MHC II molecule within the endosome

25
Q

Natural killer cells contain lytic granules that attack and kill virus-infected or cancerous cells that lack what?

A

MHC Class I

NK cells lack specific antigen receptors

26
Q

What is Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity? (ADCC)

A

Binding of antibody constant region to NK cell and eosinophils surface receptors triggers the release of lytic granules.

27
Q

What are the three ways the complement cascade can be activated?

A

Classic Pathway
Alternative Pathway
Lectin Pathway

28
Q

Classic pathway of activating the complement cascade?

A

When C1 recognizes and binds the constant fragment of either IgG or IgM in an ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY COMPLEX

29
Q

Alternative pathway of Complement Cascade activation?

A

Activated C3 recognizes certain nonspecific antigens on microbial surfaces (e.g. endotoxin)

30
Q

Lectin Pathway of Complement Cascade activation?

A

Mannose-binding lectin (serum protein) recognizes carbohydrate antigens on the surface of microorganisms (e.g. encapsulated bacteria or viruses)

31
Q

Where do the three complement cascade activation pathways converge?

A

Generation of C3 convertase. It breaks down C3 molecules to enzymatically active C3b and anaphylatoxin C3a.

32
Q

C3a and C5a function as _______ and are responsible for the recruitment of inflammatory cells.
C5a also function as a _____ chemotactic factor

A

anaphylotoxins

neutrophil

33
Q

C3b is important in triggering what?

A

Phagocytosis of pathogens.

34
Q

The binding of C6 - C9 to C5b forms what?

A

Membrane attack complex (MAC) which perforates the pathogen’s cell membrane and causes major damage to cell.

35
Q

What regulatory proteins maintain control of the complement cascade?

A

C1 esterase inhibitor (C1INH): breaks apart C1 enzyme
-deficiency results in hereditary angioedema
Decay-accelerating factor (DAF, CD55): disrupts formation of C3 convertase
-Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria

36
Q

Functions of T cells?

A

Directly kill target cells
Stimulate activation of macrophages
Help B cells produce antibody

37
Q

Cytotoxic T cells:
CD marker
Cytokine Requirements for Activation
Function

A

CD8
IL-2, IFN-gamma
Kill cells infected with virus or intracellular bacteria

38
Q

TH1 cells:
CD marker
Cytokine Requirements for Activation
Function

A

CD4
IL-12
Activate macrophages and Tc via IL-2 and IFN-gamma

39
Q

TH2 cells:
CD marker
Cytokine Requirements for Activation
Function

A

CD4
IL-4
Stimulate immunoglobulin production by B cells via IL-4 and IL-5

40
Q

TH17 cells:
CD marker
Cytokine Requirements for Activation
Function

A

CD4
IL-6, TGF-Beta
Produce IL-17 and IL-22 in response to extracellular bacteria and fungi

41
Q

Four major functions of antibodies?

A

-Opsonization: binding of Ig to microbial surfaces enhances phagocytosis
-Neutralization:
Complement Activation
ADCC

42
Q

Which Ig isotype DOES cross the placenta?

A

IgG

43
Q

Which iG isotype is the most abundant antibody in human serum?

A

IgG

44
Q

What four mechanisms can produce a diverse number of antibody molecules?

A

Somatic Recombination of VJ or VDJ genes (splicing)
Genetic Recombination
Random combinations of heavy and light chains
Somatic hypermutation

45
Q 
IgM
Expressed By:
Structure:
Complement Fixation:
Function:
A

Mature B cell (surface or secreted)
Monomer or Pentamer (with J-chain)
Yes
Primary Response

46
Q 
IgD
Expressed By:
Structure:
Complement Fixation:
Function:
A

Mature B Cell (surface)
Monomer
No
Functions as B-cell receptor for early immune response

47
Q 
IgG
Expressed By:
Structure:
Complement Fixation:
Function:
A

Plasma cells (secreted; high concentration in serum)
Monomer
Yes
Important in SECONDARY responses; opsonization and neutralization

48
Q 
IgA
Expressed By:
Structure:
Complement Fixation:
Function:
A

Plasma cells (secreted)
Monomer or Dimer (with J chain)
No
Prevents pathogen attachment to mucous membranes; found in secretions

49
Q 
IgE
Expressed By:
Structure:
Complement Fixation:
Function:
A

Plasma Cells (secreted)
Monomer
No
Type 1 Hypersensitivity (induces mast cell degranulation); worm immunity

50
Q

What encodes the MHC proteins?

A

Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) genes

MultiSystem Module (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions