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HD > Immunology 14: Stem Cells > Flashcards

Immunology 14: Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: a cell that has the ability to continuously divide and differentiate into various other kinds of cell tissues.

A

Stem sell.

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2
Q

The ability of stem cells to continuously divide and differentiate allows them to do what?

A

To replace cells that have died (diseases).

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3
Q

List the 3 characteristics of stem cells?

A

1- unspecialized = blank cells.
2- self renewal = ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining undifferentiated state.
3- plasticity and differentiation = have the potential to give rise to multiple specialized cell types.

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4
Q

Give 3 examples of stem cells and what do they differentiate into?

A

1- hematopoietic stem cells: into 3 types of brain cells (neurons, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes), skeletal muscle cells, cardiac muscle cells and liver cells.
2- BM stromal cells: into cardiac muscle cells and skeletal muscle cells.
3- brain stem cells: into blood cells and skeletal muscle cells.

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5
Q

What is the difference between stem cell and progenitor cell?

A
  • stem cell: divides and gives rise to one additional stem cell and a specialized cell.
  • progenitor cell (a precursor cell): is unspecialized that is capable of undergoing cell division and yielding two specialized cells.
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6
Q

All cells in the body come from ______ cells.

A

Stem cells.

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7
Q

List the 5 types of stem cells based on potency?

A

1- totipotent (omnipotent).
2- pluripotent.
3- multipotent.
4- oligopotent.
5- unipotent.

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8
Q

Definition: Stem cells that can differentiate into all cell types of the developing organism, including both embryonic and extaembryonic tissues, results from fusion of egg and sperm.

A

Totipotent (omnipotent).

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9
Q

Give an example of totipotent (omnipotent) stem cells?

A

Placenta.

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10
Q

Definition: stem cell that can differentiate into any tissue type except for placenta tissue.

A

Pluripotent.

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11
Q

Definition: stem cell that can differentiate into multiple cells in a closely related family of cells (within a given germ layer).

A

Multipotent.

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12
Q

Give an example of a multipotent stem cell?

A

Multipotent stem cells from a mesodermal tissue like the blood can make all the cells of the blood but cannot make cells of a different germ layer such as neural cell (ectoderm) or liver cells (endoderm).

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13
Q

Definition: stem cells that can differentiate into only a few cell types (e.g. lymphoid stem cells).

A

Oligopotent.

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14
Q

Definition: stem cells that can differentiate into only one cell type but still possess self-renewal (e.g. muscle stem cells).

A

Unipotent.

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15
Q

Give an example of totipotent stem cells?

A

Cells from early (1-3 days) embryos.

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16
Q

Give an example of pluripotent stem cells?

A

Some cells of blastocyst (15-13 days).

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17
Q

Give an example of multipotent stem cells?

A

Fetal tissue, cord blood, and adult stem cells.

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18
Q

List 2 classification of stem cells?

A

1- based on potency.
2- based on source of origin.

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19
Q

List the 3 classifications of stem cells based on potency?

A

1- totipotent.
2- pluripotent.
3- multipotent.

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20
Q

List the 3 classifications of stem cells based on source of origin?

A

1- embryonic stem cells.
2- tissue (adult) stem cells.
3- induced pluripotent (iPS) stem cells.

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21
Q

Definition: found in the blastocyst, a very early stage embryo that has about 50 to 100 cell, after 8 weeks embryo becomes fetus.

A

Embryonic stem cells.

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22
Q

Definition: found in the tissues of the body (in a fetus, baby, child or adult).

A

Tissue (adult) stem cells.

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23
Q

List the 2 sources of stem cells found in the embryonic type?

A

1- embryonic stem cells.
2- embryonic germ cells.

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24
Q

List the properties of embryonic stem cells?

A
  • from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst 7-10 days after fertilization.
  • they have the ability to form any type of human body cell.
  • results in the destruction of the embryo.
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25
Q

List the properties of embryonic germ cells?

A
  • From the germ line tissues of a human embryo of fetus that will make up the gonads (eggs or sperm).
  • Obtained from either miscarriages or aborted fetuses.
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26
Q

List the 4 sources of stem cells found in the embryonic type?

A

1- placenta derived stem cells.
2- umbilical cord stem cells.
3- adult tissue stem cells.
4- cadavers.

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27
Q

List the properties of placenta derived stem cells?

A

Up to ten times as many stem cells can be harvested from a placenta as from cord blood.

28
Q

List the properties of umbilical cord stem cells?

A
  • adult stem cells of infant origin.
  • after it has been clamped and removed at birth. This section (15cm) which contains mesenchymal stem cells can be collected and stored.
  • also known as Wharton’s jelly
  • less invasive than bone marrow.
  • greater compatibility.
  • less expensive.
29
Q

List the properties of adult tissue stem cells?

A
  • are differentiated cells among specialized or differentiated cells in a tissue or organ after birth.
  • have a more restricted ability to produce different cell types and to self-renew.
    E.g. skin, fat cells, bone marrow, brain, other organs and tissues.
30
Q

List the properties of cadaver stem cells?

A

Neural stem cells have been removed from specific areas in post-mortem human brains as late as 20 hours following death.

31
Q

How are embryonic stem cells (ES) harvested?

A

ES are isolated from the inner cell mass of the blastocyst derived from donated IVF embryos.
Can be grown indefinitely in laboratory as unspecialized state.
Retain ability to specialize into many different tissue types (pluripotent).
Can restore function in animal models following transplantation.

32
Q

Give examples of the types of cells that ES specialize into?

A

Neurons, blood (hematopoietic) stem cells, insulin producing cells, liver cells (hepatocytes), and bone forming cells.

33
Q

Blastocysts have two different cell types, list them?

A

1- inner cell mass (ICM): generating all the cells of the body.
2- trophectoderm.

34
Q

What type of stem cell based on potency is tissue (adult) stem cells?

A

Multipotent = give rise to a limited number of different tissues.

35
Q

Tissue (adult) stem cells are involved in what?

A

Involved in repair and replacement.

36
Q

Which type of stem cell require ethics approval to be grown in the laboratory?

A

Tissue (adult) stem cells

37
Q

Which type of stem cells are widely used in research?

A

Tissue (adult) stem cells

38
Q

Treatments based on tissue stem cell are limited to what?

A

Limited to hematological, malignancies, diseases of the immune system. These treatments involve stem cells obtained from bone marrow and umbilical cord blood.

39
Q

There are many clinical trials to use adult stem cells to treat what?

A

Long bone fractures, kidney failure, heart failure, arthritis and cartilage regeneration.

40
Q

How are induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells made?

A

Induce mature human cells to revert back to a more primitive or undifferentiated state.

41
Q

What is an advantage of induce pluripotent stem (iPS)?

A

No need for embryos.

42
Q

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells can be grown ________ in culture in an ____________ state.

A

Can be grown indefinitely in culture in an undifferentiated state.

43
Q

The techniques used to re-programming the mature cells involves what?

A

Involves a change in the pattern of genes expressed which is often triggered by inserting certain genes involved in early development (genetic modification).

44
Q

Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cell have similar properties to _________ stem cells, as can differentiate into ______________.

A

Similar properties to embryonic stem cells,
Can differentiate into many different tissue types - pluripotent.

45
Q

Can create stem cells _______ from a patient for research.

A

Directly.

46
Q

How do cells know what to become?

A

All cells in a person share the same genotype, yet eye cells differ from nose cell because of the central dogma of biology.

47
Q

Definition: the flow of genetic information within a biological system. It is started as DNA make RNA, and RNA makes protein.

A

Central dogma of biology.

48
Q

How do stem cells work?

A

1- plasticity: potential to chane into other cell types like nerve cells.
2- homing: to travel to the site of tissue damage, fuse with help of specific chemicals released by damaged tissue.
3- engraftment: to unite with other tissues.
4- cell migration: residual cells stored in BM.
5- effects: cells injected cytokines released cause immediate but temporary transitory remarkable effects.

49
Q

List the advantages of embryonic stem cells?

A

1- flexible - appear to have the potential to make any cell.
2- immortal - one embryonic stem cell provide an endless supply of cells with defined characteristics.
3- availability - embryos from in vitro fertilization clinics.

50
Q

List the disadvantages of embryonic stem cells?

A

1- difficult to differentiate uniformly and homogeneously into a target tissue.
2- immunogenic - embryonic stem cells from a random embryo donor are likely to be rejected after transplantation.
3- tumorigenic - capable of forming tumors or promoting tumor formation.
4- destruction of developing human life.

51
Q

List the advantages of adult stem cells?

A

1- Adult stem cells from bone marrow and umbilical cords appear to be as flexible as the embryonic type.
2- Somewhat specialized - inducement may be simpler.
3- Not immunogenic - recipients who receive the products of their own stem cells will not experience immune rejection.
4- Some adult stem cells are easy to harvest (skin, muscle, marrow, fat).
5- Non-tumorigenic-tend not to form tumors.
6- No harm done to the donor.

52
Q

List the disadvantages of adult stem cells?

A

1- Limited quantity - can sometimes be difficult to obtain in large numbers.
2- Limited - may not live as long as embryonic stem cells in culture.
3- Less flexible - may be more difficult to reprogram to form other tissue types.

53
Q

W hy are adult stem cells preferable to embryonic stem cells?

A
  • Adult stem cells are naturally exist in our bodies, and they provide a natural repair mechanism for many tissues.
  • They belong in the microenvironment of an adult body, while embryonic stem cells belong in the microenvironment of the early embryo, where they tend to cause tumors and immune system reactions.
54
Q

List the superior features of embryonic stem cells (ESCs)?

A
  • Embryonic stem cells are easier to identify, isolate and harvest.
  • There are more of them.
  • They grow more quickly and easily in the lab than adult stem cells.
  • They can be more easily manipulated (they are more plastic)
55
Q

List the 2 types of cloning?

A

1- reproductive cloning.
2- molecular cloning.

56
Q

What is reproductive cloning?

A
  • used to make two identical individuals.
  • very difficult to do.
  • illegal to do on humans.
57
Q

What is molecular cloning?

A
  • used to study what a gene does.
  • routine in the biology labs.
58
Q

How is reproductive cloning done on cells from the body and from eggs?

A

Cell from the body: Take the nucleus (containing DNA)
Egg: remove nucleus and take the rest of the cell.
Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

59
Q

Definition: removes an embryo’s nucleus and replaces it with another person’s adult cell nucleus. The embryo would then have the ability to develop into a clone or genetic copy of the nucleus donor if the embryo were implanted into a a surrogate mother.

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).

60
Q

List the 3 principles of molecular cloning?

A

1- take DNA out of the nucleus.
2- make a new piece of DNA.
3- out new DNA into a test cell and grow copies.

61
Q

List the 8 challenges to stem cells?

A

1- it is uncertain that human embryonic stem cells in vitro can give rise to all different cell types of the adult body.
2- it is unknown if stem cells cultured in vitro (apart of the embryo) will function as the cells do when they are part of the developing embryo.
3- it is uncertain that these lines will continue to proliferate indefinitely without undergoing genetic mutations that render them useless.
4- undifferentiated stem cells could produce tumors and multiply unchecked.
5- in order to be used clinically human embryonic stem cells must be differentiated prior to use in patients.
6- possibility of rejection of stem cell transplants is very high.
7- many embryonic stem cell lines are grown using mouse feeder cells, poses risk for xenotransplantation.
8- contamination by microorganisms is possible.

62
Q

Give an example of challenges to stem cells.

A

Insulin - producing cells derived from murine embryonic stem cells failed to produce the insulin when transplanted into mice, but only formed tumors.

63
Q

List the applications of stem cells in diseases?

A

1- diabetes.
2- spinal cord injury.
3- Parkinson’s disease.
4- heart disease.
5- cancer.
6- burns.

64
Q

List the applications of stem cells in genetic based diseases?

A

Cystic fibrosis.

65
Q

Stem cell transplant is now used in preference to ______________.

A

Bone marrow transplantation (BMT).

66
Q

Why is SCT preferred to BMT?

A

When a patient’s bone marrow fails to produce new blood cells, they will develop anemia, be prone to frequent, presistent infections and may develop serious bleeding problems.
In order to restore blood cell production a patient may be given healthy stem cells.

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