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Immunology and Serology (MTAP) > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is immunology?

A
  1. Study of cells, tissues, organs responsible for recognition and disposal of non-self Ag
  2. Study of the rxns of a host when foreign substance are introduced into the body
  3. Study of all aspects of body defenses (such as Ag and Abs, allergy, and hypersensitivity)
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2
Q
  1. What did Emil von Behring discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Emil von Behring discovered it?
A
  1. Serum antitoxins
  2. 1901
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3
Q
  1. What did Robert Koch discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Robert Koch discovered it?
A
  1. Cellular immunity in TB
  2. 1905
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4
Q
  1. What did Elie Metchnikoff discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Elie Metchinikoff discovered it?
A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. 1908
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5
Q
  1. What did Paul Ehrlich discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Paul Ehrlich discovered it?
A
  1. Immunity
  2. 1908
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6
Q
  1. What did Charles Richet discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Charles Richet discovered it?
A
  1. Anaphylaxis
  2. 1913
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7
Q
  1. What did Jules Bordet discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Jules Bordet discovered it?
A
  1. Complement
  2. 1919
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8
Q
  1. What did Karl Landsteiner discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Karl Landsteiner discovered it?
A
  1. ABO bld grp
  2. 1930
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9
Q
  1. What did Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Macfarlane Burnet and Peter Medawar discovered it?
A
  1. Discovery of immunologic tolerance
  2. 1960
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10
Q
  1. What did Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Gerald Edelman and Rodney Porter discovered it?
A
  1. Structure of Abs
  2. 1972
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11
Q
  1. What did Rosalyn Yalow discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Rosalyn Yalow discovered it?
A
  1. Radioimmunoassay (RIA)
  2. 1977
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12
Q
  1. What did George Snell, Jean Dausset, and Baru Benaceraf discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did George Snell, Jean Dausset, and Baru Benaceraf discovered it?
A
  1. Major histocompatibility complex
  2. 1980
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13
Q
  1. What did Niels Jerne discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did NIels Jerne discovered it?
A
  1. Immunoregulation
  2. 1984
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14
Q
  1. What did Georges Koehler and Cesar Milstein discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Georges Koehler and Cesar Milstein discovered it?
A
  1. Monoclonal Ab
  2. 1984
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15
Q
  1. What did Susumu Tonegawa discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Susumu Tonegawa discovered it?
A
  1. Ab diversity
  2. 1987
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16
Q
  1. What did Edward Donnall Thomas and Joseph Murray discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Edward Donnall Thomas and Joseph Murray discovered it?
A
  1. Transplantation
  2. 1991
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17
Q
  1. What did Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Peter Doherty and Rolf Zinkernagel discovered it?
A
  1. Cytotoxic T cell recognition of virally infected cells
  2. 1996
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18
Q
  1. What did Francoise barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier discovered (/ what is his/her research)?
  2. When did Francoise barre-Sinoussi and Luc Montagnier discovered it?
A
  1. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
  2. 2008
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19
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1798?
  2. Who discovered it?
  3. How is it discovered?
A
  1. Smallpox vaccine
  2. Edward Jenner
  3. Thru injecting cellular material from cowpox lesions
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20
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1880?
  2. Who discovered it?
A
  1. 1st attenuated vaccine
  2. Louis Pasteur
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21
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1888?
  2. Who discovered it?
  3. What is the principle of the discovery?
A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Elie Metchnikoff
  3. Certain bld cells ingest foreign material
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22
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1890?
  2. Who discovered it?
A
  1. Humoral theory of immunity
  2. Von Behring and Kitasata
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23
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1891?
  2. Who discovered it?
A
  1. Cutaneous (delayed-type) hypersensitivity
  2. Robert Koch
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24
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1894?
  2. Who discovered it?
A
  1. Complement
  2. Jules Bordet
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25
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1897?
  2. Who discovered it?
A
  1. Precipitins
  2. 1897
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26
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1901?
  2. Who discovered it?
  3. What was the award of the discoverer due to his/her discovery?
A
  1. Serum therapy
  2. Emil von Behring
  3. 1st immunology-related Nobel Prize
27
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1903?
  2. Who discovered it?
A
  1. Arthus reaction in type-3 hypersensitivity
  2. Maurice Arthus
28
Q

What was discovered in 1984?

A

T-cell receptor (TCR) gene

29
Q
  1. What was discovered in 1987?
  2. Who discovered it?
A
  1. Nobel Prize for the discoverer’s *1978 discovery of genetic principles on Ab specificities
  2. Susumu Tonegawa
30
Q

What is natural immunity?

A

Ability of the individual to resist infection by means of normally present body fxns

31
Q

What are the characteristics of natural immunity?

A
  1. Present at birth
  2. Standardized response for all Ags
  3. Lacks memory
  4. Considered as the 1st and 2nd line of defense
32
Q

What are the exs of 1st line of defense (in natural immunity)?

A
  1. Skin and mucous membrane
  2. Secretions containing lysozyme w/c attacks bacterial cell wall
  3. Acidity of GIT and vagina
  4. Cilia lining of respiratory tract
33
Q

What are the exs of 2nd line of defense (in natural immunity)?

A
  1. Phagocytic cells
    a. Neutrophil
    b. Monocyte
    c. Macrophage
  2. Inflammation and fever
  3. Antimicrobial substances
    a. Complement
    b. Properdin
    c. Interferon
    d. Tumor necrotic factor (TNF)
    e. Betalysin and interleukins (ILs)
34
Q

What are the characteristics of acquired immunity?

A
  1. Has specificity for each individual pathogen
  2. Not present at birth
  3. Has different response for each Ags
  4. Recall previous Ag (w/ memory)
  5. Considered as the 3rd line of defense
35
Q

What are the exs of 3rd line of defense (in acquired immunity)?

A
  1. Specialized lymphocyte -> T cells, B cells -> Plasma cell
  2. Ab
36
Q

What are the events / sequences in phagocytosis?

A
  1. Initiation
  2. Chemotaxis
  3. Engulfment
  4. Digestion
  5. Excretion

MNEM: ICEDE

37
Q

What is the principle of initiation (in phagocytosis)?

A

Initiated as a result of tissue damage, either trauma / as a result of microorganism multiplication

presence of trauma / microorganism multiplication -> resulting to occurrence of tissue damage -> hence, phagocytosis will be initiated

38
Q

What are the characteristics of initiation (in phagoccytosis)?

A
  1. Activated phagocyte has increased surface receptors that allow for adherence
  2. Cell receptors are increased -> enhance adherence such as CR3, laminin, and leucyl-formyl-methionine-phenyalanine receptor (LFMP)
39
Q

What is the principle of chemotaxis (in phagocytosis)?

A

Process by w/c cells tend to move in a certain direction under the stimulation of chemical substance

40
Q

What are 2 types of chemotaxis (in phagocytosis)?

A
  1. Positive chemotaxis
  2. Negative chemotaxis
41
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative chemotaxis (in phagocytosis)?

A
  1. Positive chemotaxis: migration towards the site of stimulation
  2. Negative chemotaxis: migration towards away from site of stimulation
42
Q

What is it called if there are no influence of chemotactic substances (such as positive and/or negative chemotaxis)?

A

Cell motion is random

random, not towards / away

43
Q

What are the syndromes / dses where the cell motion is random?

A
  1. Job’s syndrome
  2. Lazy leukocyte syndrome

MEM JOG:
1. Job’s syndrome: kung san san nagttrabaho
2. Lazy leukocyte syndrome: kahit saang bagay pwedeng tamarin

44
Q

What is the principle / mechanism of engulfment (in phagocytosis)?

A

By ameboid motion

45
Q

In engulfment (in phagocytosis), what is the final structure called?

A

Phagosome / phagocytic vacuole

46
Q

What aids the process of engulfment (in phagocytosis)?

A

Opsonins
a. Abs
b Complement components (C3b)

47
Q

How does opsonins aid the process of engulfment (in phagocytosis)?

A

They interact w/ the surfaces of bacteria, rendering them acceptable to the phagocyte

48
Q

What is the principle / mechanism of digestion (in phagocytosis)?

A

Cell particle that contain hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase approach the phagosome, fuse w/ it, rupture and discharge its contents

cell (w/c contains hydrolytic enzymes and peroxidase) approaches the phagosome -> the cell fuses w/ the phagosome -> the phagosome rupture and its contents are discharged

49
Q

What is the principle / mechanism of excretion (in phagocytosis)?

A

Contents of phagolysosome is excreted through exocytosis

50
Q

What are the sequences in destruction of the Ag?

A
  1. Formation of the phagolysosome leading to the release of lysosomal contents including defensins, lactoferrin, and lysozyme
  2. Nitric oxide produced by activated macrophages, w/c is toxic to microorganisms
  3. Activation of the NADPH oxidase, w/c is present in the phagosome membrane, leading to the production of reactive oxygen intermediates, superoxide anion, H2O2 and hydroxyl radicals, w/c are cytotoxic for microorganisms
51
Q

What is the characteristic of chronic granulomatous dse (CGD | in connection w/ destruction of Ag)?

A

The NADPH oxidase is impaired -> inability of phagocyte to kill ingested microorganism

52
Q

What is the treatment for CGD?

A

Granulocyte conc transfusion (to give new / effective phagocytic cells)

53
Q

What is inflammation?

A

Tissue rxn to injury (both cellular and humoral mechanism)

54
Q

What are the 5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. Rubor: redness
  2. Calor: heat
  3. Dolor: pain
  4. Tumor: swelling
  5. Functio laesa: loss of fxn
55
Q

What are the 3 stages of inflammation?

A
  1. Vascular response
  2. Cellular response
  3. Resolution and repair
56
Q

What are the events that happen in vascular response (in inflammation)?

A
  1. Vasodilation (1st inflammatory response) -> increase bld flow to injured cells -> promotes heat and redness
  2. Increased capillary permeability -> causing plasma leakage to tissue -> promotes swelling and pain
57
Q

What is cellular response (in inflammation)?

A

Migration of phagocytic cells

58
Q

What is the cell that is 1st to migrate (in cellular response in inflammation)?

A

Neutrophil

59
Q
  1. What is the time duration of occurrence of the cell that 1st migrates (in cellular response in inflammation)?
  2. This cell is predominant in what type of inflammation?
A
  1. Occurs within 30 - 60 mins after injury
  2. Predominant in acute inflammation
60
Q

What is the cell that is 2nd to migrate (in cellular response in inflammation)?

A

Monocyte / macrophage

61
Q
  1. What is the time duration of occurrence of the cell that 2nd migrates (in cellular response in inflammation)?
  2. This cell is predominant in what type of inflammation?
A
  1. Occurs 4 hrs after injury | peaks in 16 - 48 hrs
  2. Chronic inflammation
62
Q

What is the characteristic of 2nd migration of monocyte / macrophage (in cellular response in inflammation)?

A

Secreted monokine (IL-1) -> fever and increase production of acute phase reactants (APRs)

63
Q

What initiates resolution and repair (in cellular response in inflammation)?

A

Fibroblast proliferation

64
Q

What are the characteristics of resolution and repair (in cellular response in inflammation)?

A
  1. Affected area may be totally repaired
  2. Injury may lead to the formation of an abscess w/ some loss of fxn
  3. Granuloma may be formed, typical of delayed hypersensitivity / cell-mediated immunity

Immunology and Serology (MTAP) (1 decks)

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