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Transition block > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a granuloma?

A

Collection of activated macrophages and lymphocytes

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2
Q

What does a granuloma activate?

A

T lymphocytes

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3
Q

Lung granuloma differential

A

Sarcoid
TB
Leprosy
Silicosis
Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
Foreign bodies

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4
Q

Presentation of antibody deficiencies

A

Recurrent bacterial infections
Antibody mediated autoimmune diseases

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5
Q

Primary antibody deficiency example (2)

A

CVID
IgA deficiency

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6
Q

What is CVID?

A

Low IgG, M, A
Recurrent bacterial infections -> associated with autoimmune disease

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7
Q

Are IgA deficiency people symptomatic?

A

only 1/3 are

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8
Q

Differential of recurrent bacterial infections and hypogammaglobulinaemia

A

Primary: antibody deficiency, CVID, IgA, etc
Secondary: protein loss: nephritic syndrome, failure of protein synthesis: CLL, myeloma, non-hodgkins

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9
Q

What are complement proteins?

A

Proteins secreted by the liver to act as a sticky coat for intruders in order to turbo-boost immediate immune defence

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10
Q

Complement deficiency predisposes to

A

Bacterial infection

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11
Q

IgGs are broken down by

A

Endothelial cells and recycled to have longer half life (NOT BROKEN DOWN BY LIVER!!!)

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12
Q

What are NK cells?

A

Kill cells that lack MHC
No long term memory

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13
Q

Can you give biologics to someone with liver cirrhosis ?

A

Yes, because not metabolized by the liver

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14
Q

Biologics are essentially the same as

A

Antibodies

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15
Q

NK cell defects predispose to

A

VZV, HSV, CMV, HPV

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16
Q

What immunity are NK cells apart of

A

Innate
Remove cancer cells

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17
Q

How does the innate recognition of invaders work?

A

They are Toll-Like-Receptors (TLRs)
Respond to PAMPS: pathogen associated molecular patterns

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18
Q

TLRs are expressed on

A

Phagocytes and dendrites

19
Q

Outcome of TLR activation

A

Pro-inflammatory and type 1 interferon secretion

20
Q

TLR dysfunction

A

Too little: immunodeficiency
Too much: autoimmunity

21
Q

TNFa inhibitors block

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines

22
Q

TNFa is an

A

Immediate early fire alarm signal in response to many stressors

23
Q

What cells activate TNFa

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Tcells
Endothelium
Mast cells

24
Q

Biologic drugs are artificial

A

Antibodies

25
Q

Biologic drugs act as passive/active immunization

A

Passive

26
Q

How are biologics administered?

A

By injection every couple of weeks

27
Q

4 types of transplant rejection

A

Hyperacute, acute cellular, acute vascular, chronic allograft

28
Q

Hyperacute is within

A

Minutes to hours
T2 hypersensitivity, antibody and compliment fixation

29
Q

Acute cellular rejection happens within

A

5-30 days
Type IV hypersensitivity, CD4 and 8 cells
Treat with immunosupression

30
Q

Acute vascular rejection is within so long?
What type of hypersensitivity?

A

5-30 days
II hypersensitivity
De novo antibody and complement fixation
NEEDS LOTS OF IMMUNOSUPRESSION

31
Q

Chronic allograft failure time
What is it due to?

A

> 30 days
Fibrosis, scarring

32
Q

Vaccination produces memory in

A

B and T cells

33
Q

What are created during primary immune responses?

A

Long-lived memory B cells

34
Q

What reactivates in response to a second encounter with the antigen?

A

Memory B cells

35
Q

Vaccination simulates

A

Rare naive T cells
–> become effector T cells which either
1. die due to apoptosis in absence of persisting antigen
2. memory T cells are maintained at low frequency

36
Q

5 types of vaccines

A

Inactivated
Live
RNA
DNA
Viruses

37
Q

Example of inactivated

A

Polio, Hep A, Hep B
HPV, Diphtheria, H influenza B, etc

38
Q

5 in 1 vaccine includes

A

Innactivated
Polio
Pertussis
Diptheria
Tetanus
H inf B

39
Q

Live vaccines

A

MMR vaccine

40
Q

Chickenpox is

A

Live

41
Q

DNA/RNA vaccines direct

A

Assembly of the antigenic protein inside the host cell

42
Q

Example of DNA/RNA vaccines

A

COVID

43
Q

Virus vaccines are

A

Empty shells (capsids) made from viruses that have no DNA/RNA

44
Q

Examples of VLP vaccines

A

HPV and Hep B vaccines

Transition block (7 decks)

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