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Cells > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What is HIV?

A

Human immunity deficiency virus that caused acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS)
There is currently no cure but can be treated with bone marrow transplants

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2
Q

How can HIV transmit/ enter the blood?

A
  • sharing needles
  • bodily fluids (sperm and vaginal fluids)
  • breast milk
  • blood during childbirth
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3
Q

How does HIV replicate?

A
  • HIV uses attachment proteins to bind to the complementary receptors of helper T-lymphocytes (WBC)
  • HIV enters the helper T-lymphocyte
    -viral RNA and reverse transcriptase are released into the cells.
  • reverse transcriptase converts RNA into DNA
  • DNA joins to host DNA
  • Viral DNA used to make new viral RNA, capsid proteins and reverse transcriptase
  • these proteins are made using host ribosomes
  • new virus particles are assembled
  • And then bud off out of the host cells
  • cell died as it it unable to function
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4
Q

What are the symptoms of AIDS?

A
  • very low number of T-lymphocytes- unable to active B-lymphocytes
  • increased susceptibility to secondary infection of lungs or brain. These are usually the main cause of death
  • cancer AIDS related symptoms: diarrhoea and weight lose
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5
Q

ELISA test for HIV

A

1) testing strip contains HIV antigens
2) blood added to the sample
3) if HIV antibodies are present it will bind to the test strip
4) first wash to remove the blood
5) add secondary antibody which contains enzyme that is complementary to the first antibody
6) second wash to remove 2nd antibody and enzyme
7) add dye that changes colour in presence of enzyme
8) if there is a colour change this indicates a positive test for HIV but dosent always guarantee the patient has HIV

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6
Q

What white blood cells are involved with immune response ?

A
  • phagocytes (non specific)
  • T-lymphocytes (specific)
  • B-lymphocytes (specific)
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7
Q

What can trigger an immune response?

A
  • pathogens
  • cells from other organisms (transplants)
  • abnormal/ cancerous/ tumour cells
  • cells infected by a virus
  • injected antigen (vaccines)
  • our own cells if autoimmune
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8
Q

What happens in a non- specific response?

A

1) the receptors of a phagocyte binds to the foreign antigen or pathogen and phagocytosis occurs (engulfing) creating a phagosome (the phagocyte is attracted to the chemicals by the pathogen , dead/ abnormal cells)
2) lysosomes containing the enzyme lysozyme fuse with the phagosome and hydrolyse the pathogen
3) breakdown products are products are absorbed by phagocyte and antigens can be presented on the cell membrane

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9
Q

What is a specific response?

A

Leads to immunity- long term resistance

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of specific responses ?

A

Cellular response (cell mediated immunity)
Humoral response (humoral immunity)

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11
Q

What is involved in a cellular response?

A
  • it is carried out by T-lymphocytes which are made in the thymus glands
  • there are two types:
  • helpers T-lymphocyte Th
  • cytotoxic T-lymphocyte Tc (which contains a sharp protein called perforin which stabs pathogen
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12
Q

What are the possible targets in a cellular response?

A
  • foreign cells (transplant cells
  • a virus infected cell
  • cancer cells
  • phagocyte that are presenting foreign antigens
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13
Q

What is the process of cellular response?

A

1) helper T-lymphocyte with complementary receptor
2) binds to the foreign antigen
3) Th is activated and undergoes mitosis (cloning)
The activated Th will then:
- activate more phagocytes/ phagocytosis
- activate cytotoxic T-lymphocytes
- activates B-lymphocytes
- become memory T-lymphocytes which do the above Upon reinfection

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14
Q

What is involved in a humoral response?

A
  • Carried out by B-lymphocyte made in the bone marrow
  • can destroy pathogens outside cells
  • leads to antibody production
    They need help from helper T-cells
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15
Q

What happens in a humoral response ?

A

1) a specific B-lymphocyte with a complementary receptor engulfs pathogen via endocytosis
2) B-lymphocyte presents foreign antigen on cell membrane
3) Th will bind to presented antigen and trigger mitosis of B-cells (clinal expansion)
4) some of the B-cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies (p response)
5) Some B-cells become memory cells which persist and rapidly divide into plasma cells upon reinfection. (S response)

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16
Q

What is agglutination?

A

Antibodies cause agglutination: clumping together to make pathogens easier to locate and be destroyed by phagocytes

17
Q

What are the uses of antibodies?

A
  • diagnosing disease (HIV)
  • pregnancy testing
18
Q

What are antibodies?

A

Antibodies are proteins which bind to the antigen on the surface of the pathogen to form lots is antigen-antibody complexes. It has two binding sites so it can bind to two pathogens at the same time.

19
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies?

A

Antibodies produced from a single group of genetically identical B-cells

20
Q

How many poly peptide chains make an antibody ?

A

4

21
Q

How do B-cells produce antibodies?

A

A specific B-cell will bind to the non self antigen of a material and engulf.
B-lymphocyte presents the antigen on the cell membrane
Th will bind to presented antigen and trigger mitosis of B cells
Some of the B cells become plasma cells and secrete antibodies which is the primary response

22
Q

What is direct monoclonal antibody therapy?

A

It is when the monoclonal antibody are produced to antigens on cancer cells and the antibodies are given to patient and attach themselves to the receptors of the cancer cells

23
Q

What is indirect monoclonal antibody therapy ?

A

Attaching a radioactive or cytotoxic drug to the monoclonal antibody. When the antibody attaches to the cancer cells it kills then

24
Q

How do monoclonal antibodies work in pregnancy tests? A

A
  • the urine soaks up the testing strip and the HCG binds to mobile antibodies bound to an enzyme
  • the antibody - hormone enzyme complex bind to a line of immobilised secondary antibodies bound to inactive coloured particles
  • the enzyme on antibody activated the colour on the second antibody with HCG sandwiched in the middle which indicates a positive result
25
Q

What is immunity ?

A

The ability to resist infection

26
Q

What is Passive immunity?

A

When the antibodies for an individual come from an outside source
There is no direct contact with the antigen
It is immediate immunity
The immunity is not long lasting because there aren’t any memory cells and the antibodies aren’t being replaced

27
Q

What’s the difference between natural active immunity and artificial active immunity ?

A

Natural active immunity is when an individual becomes infected with the disease under normal circumstances. The body produces its own antibodies and may continue to do so for so many years but artificial active immunity forms the basis of vaccination so that they don’t suffer the disease.

28
Q

What does a vaccine contain?

A

A vaccine contains attenuated foreign antigens from the pathogen

29
Q

What is antigenic variability?

A

When the antigens change frequently and vaccines become ineffective. Some pathogens change their surface antigens which means if your infected again by the same virus/ infection the memory cells won’t recognise it and will carry out a primary response against these new antigen which is why you get ill again. (Also referred to as strains)

30
Q

What are antigens ?

A

Antigens are molecules (usually proteins) trigger an immune response when detected by the body. Foreign antigens are antigens that aren’t found in the body.

31
Q

What are pathogens?

A

Organisms that cause disease like bacteria fungi and viruses. They all have antigens on their surface.

32
Q

What happens during antigen variability?

A

Pathogens DNA can mutate frequently. If a mutation occurs in the gene which codes for the antigen, then the shape of the antigen will change.
Any previous immunity to this pathogens (either naturally through prior infection or artificially through vaccination) is no longer effective as all the memory cells in the blood will have a memory of the old antigen shape.

33
Q

Why is phagocytosis a non specific response?

A

Because any non-self cell eg) pathogen that is detected will trigger the same response to destroy it.

Cells (7 decks)

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