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Phase 2a > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do all immune cells originate?

A

bone marrow

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2
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

thymus

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3
Q

What are polymorphonuclear leukocytes? Give the 3 classes.

A

immune cells that have granules containing enzymes that are released during immune response

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils

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4
Q

Give the classes of mononuclear leukocytes

A

monocytes (differentiate to macrophages)
B cells (differentiate to plasma cells)
T cells (differentiate to T-regs, T-helper, cytotoxic)

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5
Q

What are the classes of T-helper cells?

A

Th1 and Th2

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6
Q

Where do B cells and T cells accumulate?

A

lymph nodes

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7
Q

What are dendritic cells?

A

antigen presenting cells in tissues

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8
Q

What is complement?

A

proteins that can be activated directly by pathogens or indirectly by pathogen-bound antibodies

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9
Q

Where is completed secreted?

A

liver

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10
Q

What are the 3 modes of action for complement?

A

direct lysis
attract more leukocytes to site of infection (chemotaxis)
coat invading organisms (opsonisation)

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11
Q

What creates hinge region on antibodies?

A

disulphide bonds

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12
Q

How does antibodies circulate?

A

in the blood, either:

free in plasma or
bound to B cells

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13
Q

What is the Fab region and what is its purpose?

A

antigen binding site of antibody

binds epitopes of antigen

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14
Q

When are Fab regions initially determined?

A

by a process called VDJ recombination during maturation in the bone marrow

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15
Q

What is avidity?

A

overall strength of binding between an antibody and an antigen

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16
Q

When is avidity increased?

A

avidity for antigen is increased during infection through somatic hypermutation in the germinal centres of secondary organs

17
Q

What is the Fc region and what is its purpose?

A

fragment crystallisable region

area that binds Fc receptors on immune cell surfaces
also binds complement to aid in opsonisation of pathogens for phagocytosis

18
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A

neutralisation of toxins
opsonisation of pathogens
complement activation via classical pathway

19
Q

What are the two mechanisms of action of antibodies

A

direct attack on invaders or
activation of complement system

20
Q

How do antibodies attack invaders directly?

A
  1. AGGLUTINATION: multiple large particles with antigens on their surface are bound together in a clump
  2. PRECIPITATION: the molecular complex of antibody and antigen (i.e. toxin) is so large it comes out of solution
  3. NEUTRALISATION: antibodies cover the toxic sites of the antigen
  4. LYSIS: some antibodies can attack the cell membrane directly and rupture
21
Q

What are the 5 antibodies and where are they found?

A

IgG- most abundant serum antibody)
IgA- mucus secretions (secretory IgA), serum, coats neonate gut
IgM- too big to cross vascular endothelium so kept in blood
IgD- mature to form mIgD found on mature B cells
IgE- 50% in blood, rest bounds to mast cells and basophils

22
Q

What is the function of IgG?

A
  • main antibody in adaptive immunity (secondary/ memory responses)
  • highly specific
  • 4 subclasses
  • can cross placenta
23
Q

What is the function of IgA?

A
  • first line of defence
24
Q

What is the function of IgM?

A
  • highest capacity to activate complement
  • initial contact with antigen to form principle immune response
  • 10 sites for antigen binding- very good at “mopping up” antigen in blood supply
25
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

no functions have been identified yet

26
Q

What is the function of IgE?

A
  • binds to basophils and mast cells
  • antigen binding to IgE stimulates histamine release from basophils and mast cells
  • hypersensitivity reactions
  • defence against parasitic reactions
27
Q

Whats the function of cytokines?

A

small proteins that are crucial in controlling the growth and activity of other immune system cells and blood cells

28
Q

What are the main cytokines?

A

interferons
interleukins
colony stimulating factors
tumour necrosis factor

29
Q

What do interferons do?

A

induce a state of viral resistance in uninfected cells and limit spread of viral infection

30
Q

What are the three types of interferons and where are they produced?

A

produced by virus infected cells:
IFNapha
IFNbeta

produced by activated Th1 cells:
IFNgamma

31
Q

What do interleukins do?

A

can be pro-inflammatory (IL1) or anti-inflammatory (IL10)

can cause cells to divide, to differentiate and to secrete factors

32
Q

What do colony stimulating factors?

A

direct the division and differentiation on bone marrow stem cells (leukocyte precursor)

33
Q

What are the type of tumour necrosis factor and what does it do?

A

TNFalpha and TNFbeta
mediate inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

Phase 2a (18 decks)

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