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2a - ICS > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are identifying features of innate immunity

A

Non-specific
Fast process with short lasting effect
Present from birth
Instinctive

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2
Q

What are some features of adaptive immunity

A

Slow process but long-lasting effects
Acquired
Requires lymphocytes
Specific
Antibodies

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3
Q

Name the 3 main polymorphonuclear leukocytes of the immune system

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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4
Q

What are the 3 main mononuclear leukocytes

A

Monocytes (differentiate to macrophages)
T-cells
B-cells (differentiate to plasma cells)

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5
Q

Function of neutrophils

A

phagocytic and bactericidal

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6
Q

Function of macrophages

A

Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Secretes cytokines

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7
Q

What type of infections are eosinophils important in

A

parasitic

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8
Q

Function of mast cells

A

Important in parasitic infection and allergic reactions
Main source of histamine

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9
Q

What are the 3 ‘professional’ APCs

A

Macrophages
B-cells
Dendritic cells

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10
Q

What is the most potent APC

A

dendritic cells

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11
Q

Where are macrophages derived from

A

Either derived from circulating blood monocytes or as tissue resident macrophages

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12
Q

What are complement proteins

A

Group of around 20 serum proteins secreted by the liver that needs to be activated to be functional

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13
Q

What are the 3 main outcomes of complement system activation

A

Direct lysis - C5 - C9
Attract more leukocytes to site of infection - C3a & C5a
Coat invading organism - C3b

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14
Q

What are the 5 distinct classes of immunoglobulin

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE
IgD

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15
Q

What region on an antibody binds to receptors

A

Fc region

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16
Q

What region of an antibody binds with epitopes of antigens

A

Fab region

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17
Q

What does the constant region of an antibody determine

A

Determines antibody types and therefore effector function

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18
Q

Function of interferons

A

Induce a state of antiviral resistance in uninfected cells

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19
Q

Function of interleukins

A

Can cause cells to divide, differentiate and secrete factors

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20
Q

State the funtion of IL1 and IL10

A

IL-1: pro inflammatory
IL-10: anti-inflammatory

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21
Q

What is the most important interleukin in neutrophil production and recruitment

A

IL-8

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22
Q

Function of chemokines

A

Leukocyte chemoattractant

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23
Q

What is the function of colony stimulating factor

A

Involved in directing the division and differentiation of bone marrow stem cells

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24
Q

What are pattern recognition receptors

A

Encoded receptors that detect pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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25
Q

What is T cell selection

A

When T cells that recognise self are killed in the foetal thymus as they mature

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26
Q

Importance of T cell receptor (TCR)

A

Recognises foreign antigens in association with major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

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27
Q

What is the function of T helper 2 (CD4)

A

Stimulates B cells to produce antibodies against extracellular pathogens. Secretes cytokines to help directly kill

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28
Q

What is the function of Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)

A

It helps the immune response against intracellular pathogens (e.g., viruses). Kills infected cells by binding to antigens and inducing apoptosis

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29
Q

Which cells express MHC1

A

All nucleated cells

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30
Q

Which cells express MHC2

A

Only antigen presenting cells

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31
Q

Which type of T cell binds to MCH1

A

CD8

32
Q

Which type of T cell binds to MHC2

A

CD4

33
Q

What is the function of T helper 1 (CD4)

A

Helps the immune response against intracellular pathogens. Activates macrophages, cytotoxic T cells and NK cells (cell mediated immunity)

34
Q

What 2 substances are released by Tc to kill cells

A

Perforin and granzymes

35
Q

How many antibodies can each B cell make

A

Each B cell can only make 1 Ab that will only bind to 1 epitope on one antigen

36
Q

Where are B cells that recognise ‘self’ killed

A

bone marrow

37
Q

Describe how T helper cells bind to B cells

A
  • An antibody binds to an antigen
  • phagocytosis
  • epitope is displayed on surface of the B-cell bound to an MHC2
  • TH2 binds to MHC2 on B cell
  • Cytokine secretion induces B-cell clonal expansion
  • Differentiation into plasma and memory B cells
38
Q

Give 3 function of antibodies

A
  1. Neutralise toxins.
  2. Opsonisation.
  3. Activate classical complement system
39
Q

Name 4 types of cytokines

A
  1. Interferons.
  2. Interleukins.
  3. Colony stimulating factors.
  4. Tumour necrosis factors.
40
Q

What is the function of tumour necrosis factor

A

Mediates inflammation and cytotoxic reactions

41
Q

Give examples of secondary lymphoid tissue

A

Spleen
Lymph nodes
Mucosa association lymphoid tissue

42
Q

What initiates the classical complement pathway?

A

Antigen-antibody complexes bind complement and activate the cascade

43
Q

What activates the alternative pathway?

A

Bacterial cell walls and endotoxin (pathogen surfaces)

44
Q

What activates the lectin pathway?

A

Mannose binding lectin

45
Q

What are the 3 different pathways that make up the complement system?

A
  1. Classical.
  2. Lectin.
  3. Alternative.
46
Q

Main function of toll-like receptors (TLRs)

A

TLR’s send signals to the nucleus to secrete cytokines and interferons. These signals initiate tissue repair. Enhanced TLR signalling = improved immune response.

47
Q

What happens when a PAMP binds to a PRR

A

The innate immune response and inflammatory response is triggered

48
Q

Describe the process of extravasation.

A
  1. Macrophages at tissues release TNF alpha.
  2. The endothelium is stimulated to express adhesion molecules and to stimulate chemokines.
  3. Neutrophils bind to adhesion molecules; they roll, slow down and become stuck to the endothelium.
  4. Neutrophils are activated by chemokines.
  5. Neutrophils pass through the endothelium to the tissue to help fight infection.
49
Q

What is an allergy?

A

An abnormal response to harmless foreign material.

50
Q

What is atopy

A

The tendency to develop allergies.

51
Q

Which Ig is most commonly involved in allergic responses?

A

IgE

52
Q

Which cells express high affinity IgE receptors?

A

Mast cells, basophils and eosinophils.

53
Q

What is the main IgE receptor cell

A

Mast cells

54
Q

Describe type 1 hypersensitivity

A

IgE mediated
Prior exposure to antigen/ drug
IgE becomes attached to mast cells and re-exposure causes mast cell degranulation and release of histamine

55
Q

Give example of symptoms of anaphylaxis

A

Vasodilation
Shortness of breath
Itchy skin
Vomiting

56
Q

Describe type 2 hypersensitivity (cell bound)

A

IgM or IgG bind to self-antigen leading to cell destruction

57
Q

Give 3 functions of antibodies

A

neutralise toxins
Opsonisation
Activate classical complement system

58
Q

Give 3 conditions that basophils are important in

A

Asthma
Anaphylaxis
Hay fever

59
Q

Function of basophils

A

Release histamine
Secrete serotonin and heparin

60
Q

Describe type 3 hypersensitivity

A

IgG binds soluble antigens forming a circulating immune complex. These deposit in vesel walls which gives rise to an inflammatory response

61
Q

Describe type 4 hypersensitivity

A

T cell mediated

62
Q

What is the B cell maturation site

A

Bone marrow

63
Q

Function of TLR2

A

Detects lipoteichoic acid derived of G+ve bacteria

64
Q

Function of TLR4

A

Detects lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of G-ve bacteria

65
Q

What does TLR5 detect

A

Flagellin

66
Q

Function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)

A

Suppress immune response to maintain immune response and self-tolerance

67
Q

What is the most important cytokine in neutrophil production and recruitment

A

IL-8

68
Q

Describe how T helper cells bind to B cells

A
  • An antibody binds to an antigen
  • Phagocytosis
  • Epitope is displayed on surface of the B-cell bound to an MHC2
  • TH2 binds to MHC2 on B cell
  • Cytokine secretion induces B-cell clonal expansion
  • Differentiation into plasma and memory B cells
69
Q

On which proteins are MHC proteins found on?

A

Chromosome 6

70
Q

Treatment for anaphylaxis

A

IM adrenaline
Antihistamines can be used after this (chlorphenamine and hydrocortisone)

71
Q

What cytokine is responsible for activating macrophages

A

Interferon gamma

72
Q

Function of IL-4

A

Key cytokine for allergic inflammation
Induces IgE production
Promotes Th2 differentiation

73
Q

Which antibody is responsible for secondary responses to a previous infection

A

IgG - Has a higher affinity for antigens than other antibodies

74
Q

Which Ig is found in breast milk and other secretions

A

IgA - protects mucosal surfaces

75
Q

What are all complement pathways cleaved to

A

active C3 convertase

2a - ICS (4 decks)

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