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Immunology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Th1 produced cytokines

A

IFN-y

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2
Q

Th2 produced cytokines

A

IL-4,5,13

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3
Q

Th17 produced cytokines

A

IL-17,22

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4
Q

What transcription factors are activated in CD4+ cells by IL-12 and IFN-y ? What cell will it turn into?

A

T-bet, STAT4,STAT1, Turns into a Th1 cell

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5
Q

What transcription factors are activated by IL-4in CD4+ cells and what kind of cell will it turn into? What cells release the IL-4?

A

GATA-3,STAT6 Th2 cell, Mast cells and Eosinophils

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6
Q

What transcription factors are turned on by IL-1,6,23 and TGF-beta in CD4+ cells? What cells they turn into?

A

RORyt and STAT3, Th17

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7
Q

Cytokines for Th1 differentiation

A

IL-12´and IFN-y

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8
Q

Cytokines for Th2 differentiation

A

IL-4

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9
Q

Cytokines for Th17 differentiation

A

IL-1,IL-6,IL-23

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10
Q

How do Th1 cells and Th2 activate Macrophages

A

Th1 = classical pathway —> CD40 binding and IFN-y release —> M1 macrophage killing phagocytosed microbe
Th2 = alternative pathway —> IL-4,13 —>M2 macrophage — IL-10,TGF-beta — fibrosis,epithelia proliferation

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11
Q

Types of influenza and what they infect

A
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12
Q

Name steps of intrinsic pathway of the coagulation cascade

A

12–12a—11-11a—9-9a—8-8a =9a/8a complex activates 10-10a

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13
Q

What complexes make up the prothrombin activator

A

Va/Xa/PF3/Ca+

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14
Q

Name 5 mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance

A

1 Drug inactivation or modification
2 Alteration of target site
3 Active efflux
4 Outer membrane permeability change
5 Overexpression of PBPs

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15
Q

Name the Mobile Genetic emlements

A

Integrons, Transposons, Plasmids

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16
Q

How do Integrons work?

A

They have cassettes containing multiple genes, these genes can be rearranged and thus expressed more, this way antimicrobial resistance genes can be quickly expressed.

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17
Q

How do transposons work?

A

Gene coding for transposase enzyme, the transposed segment may contain other genes such as antimicrobial resistance genes, making the location finidng of such genes harder.

18
Q

What are Plasmids?

A

Small circular DNA that contain genes already present on the chromosome.

19
Q

Name the steps of transposition

A

Excision
Drift
Integration

20
Q

Name three steps of hemostasis

A

Vascular spasm/ vasoconstriction
Platelate plug formation (Primary hemostasis)
Coagulation (secondary hemostasis)

21
Q

Name the steps of viral replication

A

Recogniition
Attachement/Adhesion
Penetration/Fusion
Uncoating
Transcription
Protein synthesis
Replication
Assembly
Envelopment
Budding and release or lysis

22
Q

Name 4 transmission routes of Viruses

A

Oro-fecal
Sexual contact
Respiratory
Vector mediated (mosquitos)

23
Q

What kind of antigen is presented in class I MHC molecules,

A

Intracellular

24
Q

What kind of antigens are presented in class II MHC molecules?

A

Extracellular

25
Q

What are the functions of IgG

A

Complement system activation
Inititates Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
Opsoniozation

26
Q

Name three ESBL types

A

SHEV, TEM , CTX-M,

27
Q

Name receptors that recognise viral infections, locate them precisely

A

RIG-like receptors detect viral RNA in the cytosol
NLRs detect viral RNA or DNA in the cytosol
TLRs detect viral RNA or DNA in endosomes

28
Q

Recognition of viral RNA leads to a production of what cytokines?

A

IFN-alpha & beta

29
Q

What protein complex inhibits NK cells from killing healthy cells?

A

Class I MHC, killer cell-like receptors (KIRs)

30
Q

On the lack of what membrane protein will NK cells kill a cell?

A

MHC I

31
Q

Name the the possible components of Gram-positive bacterial membrane and wall

A

Peptidoglycan
Teichoic acid
Lipotheicoic acid
Protein A

32
Q

Name the possible structures in Gram-negative bacteria mambrane adn wall

A

Innaer and outer membrane
Periplasmic space between
Peptidoglycan in periplasmic space
Transport proteins
Porins
Outer membrane’s outer leaflet has LPS

33
Q

How does superoxide dismutase deal with ROS

A

Converts superoxide to Oxygen and hydrogen-peroxide, H2O2 goes dow the catalase or the glutathiane pathway and is converted into water and oxygen

34
Q

What does VDJ stand for and what they do?

A

Variable —> genetic region that codes the antigen specific variable part of the antibodies
Domain —> codes for the main F(ab) light chain part
Joining—> codes for the Fc (stem) part (heavy chain)

35
Q

How are light chains and heavy chains of antibodies are held together?

A

Disulfide bonds

36
Q

Explain the steps of T-cell dependent B-cell activation.

A

B-cell pick up antigen and present it on MHC II
Th1 cells bind to it through TCR complex and releases IL-2 and IFN-y —> IgM & IgG secretion
Or Th2 cell binds and releases IL-4 and secrete IgG,IgA,IgE

37
Q

Name the main application of Western Blot, give an advantage and a disadvantage

A

Expression of proteins on/in cells,
Molecular weight and phosphorylation determination
Need pure cell population and only semi quantitative

38
Q

What are T-regs and what they do?

A

They secrete TGF-beta to inhibit Th cells

39
Q

Name a method used to show production of soluable factors

A

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay (ELISA)

40
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of performing an ELISA

A

Quantitative and sensitive
Needs pure cell population

41
Q

Name the application, advantage and disadvantage of flow cytometry

A

Cell associated molecule detection
Single cell analysis, Quantitative, Sensitive
Equipment expensive

42
Q

Name the main application, advantages and disadvantages of Immunohistochemistry

A

Identify which cells express a protein in tissues
Qualitative info combined with morphology
Hard to quantitate, Invasive, cells are not available for functional assays

Immunology (2 decks)

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