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MCM > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

IL1+ TNF-alpha

A

fever, cachexia

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2
Q

IL2

A

T-cell activation

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3
Q

IL3

A

bone marrow stimulant

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4
Q

IL5

A

eosinophil activator

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5
Q

IL8

A

neutrophil chemotaxis

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6
Q

IFN-G

A

macrophages –> Granulomas

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7
Q

Alcohol metabolism

A

ethanol —> acetaldehyde—> acetate

Enzymes:
1. ADH
2. ALDH

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8
Q

Alcohol metabolism causes an increased ________ ratio, ultimately resulting in _______

A

NADH/NAD+; lactic acidosis

*excess NADH results in decreased gluconeogenesis and TCA cycle function, gets shunted to lactate pathway

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9
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 1 (A)

A

Antigen IgE crosslinking

Allergies, asthma, anaphylaxis

**mneumonic ACID

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10
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 2 (C)

A

Cytotoxic; IgG/IgM activates Complement
LINEAR deposition of IgG

**mneumonic ACID

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11
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 3 (I)

A

Immune complex formation with IgG and antigen
Lump-I, Bump-I deposition of IgG

**mneumonic ACID

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12
Q

Hypersensitivity Type 4 (D)

A

Delayed; cell-mediated Th1 CD8+ response

Diabetes, Dermatitis, TB

**mneumonic ACID

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13
Q

Km is ______ related to affinity

A

inversely

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14
Q

IL4 and IL13

A

induce B cells to switch antibody production to IgE, Type I Hypersenstivity

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15
Q

What happens to the plot of a noncompetitive inhibitor?

A

Km stays the same, Vmax decreases

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16
Q

What happens to the plot of a competitive inhibitor?

A

Km increase (affinity decreases), Vmax stays the same

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17
Q

What happens to the plot of a uncompetitive inhibitor?

A

Km decreases (affinity increases), Vmax decreases

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18
Q

P450 inducers

A

accelerate drug metabolism resulting in a sub-therapeutic effect due to decreased drug concentration

19
Q

p450 inhibitors

A

decrease drug metabolism causing drug toxicity

20
Q

alcohol is a P450

A

inducer

21
Q

CYP-2E1 is a P450 subtype that metabolizes

A

ethanol (alcohol)

22
Q

the most common cause of acute diarrhea is

A

infection

23
Q

causes of chronic diarrhea

A

celiac and malabsorption

24
Q

infectious agent that is resistant to chlorination

A

cryptosporidium

25
Q

polyethylene glycol 3350 causes

A

osmotic diarrhea

26
Q

acute diarrhea

A

less than two weeks

27
Q

chronic diarrhea

A

greater than two weeks

28
Q

secretory diarrhea caused by

A

Increased water secretion by activation of Cl- channels

toxins, inflammatory mediators

29
Q

clinical signs of osmotic diarrhea

A

severe fluid and electrolyte loss

persists during fasting

low osmotic gap

30
Q

osmotic diarrhea is caused by

A

increased osmotic pressure due to non-absorbed solutes, water is pulled into the lumen

31
Q

clinical signs of osmotic diarrhea

A

high osmotic gap

abates with fasting

32
Q

malabsorptive diarrhea is caused by

A

failure of nutrient absorption

33
Q

clinical signs of malabsorptive diarrhea

A

steatorrhea

34
Q

causes of inflammatory/exudative diarrhea

A

multifactorial, but usually seen with acute infection of the bowel

35
Q

clinical signs of inflammatory/exudative diarrhea

A

fecal leukocytes, persists during fasting

36
Q

clinical features: slight dehydration

A

well, alert
drinks normally, not thirsty
skin recoils quickly

37
Q

clinical features: moderate dehydration

A

restless, irritable
sunken eyes
thirsty; drinks eagerly
skin recoils slowly

38
Q

clinical features: severe dehydration

A

lethargic, unconscious
sunken eyes
drinks poorly, unable to drink
skin recoils very slowly

39
Q

most common cause of acute gastroenteritis in US

A

norovirus

40
Q

most common cause of diarrhea in children worldwide

A

rotavirus

41
Q

“rice-water” dirrhea

A

vibrio cholerae

42
Q

hemolytic uremic syndrome is caused by

A

EHEC

43
Q

clinical features of HUS

A

dysentery, weakness, lethargy, oliguria, anuria, pallor, petechiae

44
Q

laboratory findings HUS

A

anemia with shistocytes
thrombocytopenia
shiga toxin +

MCM (2 decks)

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