immunology

Question 1

adaptive immunity

Answer 1

a highly specific immune system that adapts over time and through repeated exposure to the pathogen

Question 2

antibody

Answer 2

proteins that are secreted in response to invading pathogens to get rid of those pathogens from doing harm to the host’s body

Question 3

antigen

Answer 3

are molecules that stimulate an immune response. they bind to antibodies forming an antibody-antigen complex

Question 4

basophil

Answer 4

a type of granulocytic white blood cell. they release histamines during an allergic reaction as well as detect + kill cancer cells.

Question 5

bone marrow

Answer 5

type of tissue found the primary lymphatic organ. this is the site of haematopoiesis + B cell development

Question 6

B cell clonal deletion

Answer 6

the process in which B cells recognises self antigens and goes through apoptosis instead of going through B cell maturation

Question 7

complement system

Answer 7

the complement system is a collection of soluble proteins + their membrane receptors that function in host defence against microbes + pathological inflammatory reactions.
functions: phagocytosis, inflammation + cytolysis
part of innate immune system + non-specific

Question 8

cytokine

Answer 8

small soluble mediator proteins secreted by immune cells in response to activating stimulus. they regulate cell activity. they are also involved in cell signalling and healing process

Question 9

cytotoxic T cell

Answer 9

an immune T cell that kill infectious pathogens such as cancers

Question 10

eosinophil

Answer 10

a type of granulocytic WBC. they aid in removing parasites in the body.

Question 11

fab region

Answer 11

a part of the antibody which is made up of heavy chain + light chain to bind to antigens.

Question 12

Fc region

Answer 12

a part of an antibody which contains 4 heavy chains + binds to immune cells + complement proteins to make the antibody more targeted.

Question 13

heavy chain

Answer 13

a domain on an antibody that allows immunoglobulin to be expressed on B cell surface. they allow antigen specific binding + activation of B lymphocytes

Question 14

humoral immunity

Answer 14

antibody mediated response that occurs when extracellular antigens are present. B cells bind to antigens causing pathogens to neutralise.
B lymphocytes secrete antibodies into the fluid of the body

Question 15

IgA

Answer 15

An antibody found in exocrine excretions, saliva, tears, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract and breast milk.
First line of defence from breathing + ingesting.
Neutralising antibodies - mucosal immunity

Question 16

IgE

Answer 16

antibody that works against parasites + causing allergies by binding to mast cells to release histamines

Question 17

IgD

Answer 17

antibody that function as B cell antigen receptor + expressed on developing B cells

Question 18

IgM

Answer 18

first antibody produced when infection occurs + activates classical complement pathway

Question 19

innate immunity

Answer 19

immune system that you was born with. it is the first line of defence against invading pathogens.
non-specific + fast

Question 20

light chain

Answer 20

domain on antibody that allows expression + secretion of functional antibodies + allow binding on antibodies by increasing antibody variability

Question 21

lymphocytes

Answer 21

white blood cell
two types:
1. T cells- destroy body’s cells that have been infected with pathogen
2. B cells - produce antibodies to attack pathogens

Question 22

macrophages

Answer 22

white blood cells
respond to tissue invasion and eliminate foreign substances via phagocytosis. it can also regulate immune response and release inflammatory + regulatory cytokines

Question 23

Memory helper T cell

Answer 23

T cells that aid in memory of specific antigens. when body encounter same antigen, T helper cells activate B cells quicker

Question 24

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)

Answer 24

group of lymphoid cell aggregate + tissue in the submucosal layer of GI tract, respiratory tract, urinary tract, eyes, skin, salivary glands.
They initiate IgA response.
main entry for pathogens

Question 25

natural passive immunity

Answer 25

passive immunity obtained from mother to foetus via the placenta or via breast milk

Question 26

neutrophils

Answer 26

white blood cells
first leukocyte at infection site. they ingest foreign materials via phagocytosis by secreting extra cellular traps (NETs) this is a network composed of DNA which bonds to pathogens to kill extracellular pathogens while minimising host cell damage

Question 27

Peyer’s patches

Answer 27

accumulation of lymphatic tissues surrounding the small intestine’s mucous membranes.

Question 28

phagocytes

Answer 28

type of cell that ingest foreign materials, examples include neutrophils + monocytes. they are involved in many cell responses such as inflammation and other immune responses

Question 29

phagocytosis

Answer 29

process in which pathogens/cell debris is engulfed by cell using pseudopodia to surround + form a phagosome. this process can be enhanced by opsonins

Question 30

sepsis

Answer 30

an extreme response to the body due to infection

Question 31

thymus

Answer 31

a gland between your lungs. it produces lymphocyte T cells. produces hormones for T cell development

Question 32

Toll like receptors (TLR)

Answer 32

type or signalling pattern-recognition receptors present in innate immunity. they are bound to plasma membranes

Question 33

opsonisation

Answer 33

process of making particles easier to ingest by phagocytes

Question 34

autoimmune disease

Answer 34

body’s defence system attack your own body’s normal cells

Question 35

polygeny

Answer 35

more than one type of MHC molecule in each individual

Question 36

polymorphism

Answer 36

extensive differences in MHC molecules between individuals

Question 37

inflammation

Answer 37

body local physiological response to infection or tissue damage

Question 38

somatic hypermutation

Answer 38

mutations introduced into antigen-receptor genes = producing BCRs – vary slightly in affinity to antigen which originally activated B cell

Question 39

affinity maturation

Answer 39

process of T cell-B cell antigen interaction, cell division + gene mutation can occur several times = producing B cells with higher affinity BCR to original antigen