Immunology

Question 1

What term is used to describe organisms capable of causing disease?

Answer 1

Pathogen

Question 2

What is considered the first line of defense and the most important defense mechanism?

Answer 2

Skin and mucous membranes.

Question 3

What does the phrase “normal flora” describe?

Answer 3

The surface of the skin supporting residential microorganisms, which recognize and destroy invaders.

Question 4

How are the openings of the respiratory, GI, and urinary tracts protected?

Answer 4

Respiratory: cilia and mucus to trap pathogens.

GI: acidity of stomach to kill microbes.

Urinary: tears, saliva, nasal discharge, and urine to flush pathogens from body.

Question 5

What part of the spleen is made of lymphoid tissue?

Answer 5

White pulp. Immunologic functions.

Question 6

What is the definition of an antigen?

Answer 6

Anything that stimulates an immune response.

Question 7

What is the definition of phagocytosis?

Answer 7

Ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes.

Question 8

What is the responsibility of the lymphatic tissue?

Answer 8

Surrounds blood vessels and contains phagocytic cells that destroy antigens via phagocytosis.

Question 9

Through which vessels does lymph enter lymph nodes?

Answer 9

Afferent vessels, exits through efferent vessels.

Question 10

What is found in the medulla of lymph nodes which removes microorganisms, cancer cells, or foreign debris?

Answer 10

Macrophages.

Question 11

What are the five peripheral lymph nodes?

Answer 11

Submandibular (caudal to mandible)

Prescapular (cranial to shoulder)

Axillary (where the front limb joins trunk)

Inguinal (near the groin)

Popliteal (distal/caudal aspect of hamstring muscles)

Question 12

What does the acronym MALT refer to?

Answer 12

Mucosa-associated-lymphatic-tissue

Question 13

What is the function if MALT?

Answer 13

To identify antigens and mount an immune response against them.

Question 14

What is the difference between tonsils and lymph nodes?

Answer 14

Tonsils are present at beginning of lymph drainage system and lack a capsule. Also found in prepuce and vagina.

Question 15

In which section of the small intestine are the majority of peyer patches found?

Answer 15

Lining of ileum. Smaller percent found in jejunum.

Question 16

In what location is the thymus found?

Answer 16

Mediastinum.

Question 17

What matures in the thymus?

Answer 17

T lymphocytes, also produce T cells.

Question 18

Where are all white blood cells produced?

Answer 18

Red bone marrow.

Question 19

What is a monocyte called when it is in tissue?

Answer 19

Macrophage.

Question 20

Which immune system category is present at birth, is rapid, nonspecific, and destroys microorganisms indiscriminately?

Answer 20

Innate immune system. Destroys all “non-self” organisms.

Question 21

Which immune system category is slower to respond and targets specific organisms?

Answer 21

Adaptive immune system.

Question 22

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the skin?

Answer 22

Keratinized epithelial tissue.

Question 23

What two things protect the upper repiratory tract?

Answer 23

Mucus and cilia.

Question 24

What is the bodys first response to any injury?

Answer 24

Inflammation.

Question 25

What are the most common phagocytic cells?

Answer 25

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Question 26

What cells are the first responders to an injured site?

Answer 26

Neutrophils > macrophages

Question 27

What cellular organelle contains digestive enzymes to help break down bacteria?

Answer 27

Lysosome. Fuses with phagosome (phagolysosome)

Question 28

Where are complement proteins produced?

Answer 28

Liver. They circulate in blood in their active form.

Question 29

In which two ways can complement proteins alter microbial cell membranes?

Answer 29

Attach to microbes PAMPs and cause cell lysis. Opsonization; coating the antigen with complement proteins to make it more visible to the phagocyte.

Question 30

What is the role of cytokines?

Answer 30

Messengers; they mediate the immune or inflammatory response by attracting immune cells to a specific site. (Infection, inflammation, trauma)

Question 31

Which granular lymphocytes can induce apoptosis?

Answer 31

Natural killer cells.

Question 32

What is the definition of apoptosis?

Answer 32

Programmed cell death.

Question 33

Which category of the immune system is slower to respond, specific, and has memory?

Answer 33

Adaptive (acquired) immune system.

Question 34

Where do B lymphocytes originate?

Answer 34

Red bone marrow. Migrate to lymphoid tissue.

Question 35

What type of cell is responsible for the actual production, storage, and release of antibodies?

Answer 35

Plasma cells (B cells differentiate into, with assistance of helper T cells)

Question 36

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

Answer 36

Thymus (do originate in red bone marrow)

Question 37

What are memory cells?

Answer 37

Survivors of past infections, can provide long-term immunity.

Question 38

What are the two divisions of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 38

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity; Cell-mediated immunity

Question 39

The result of antibody production occurs in which division of the adaptive immune system?

Answer 39

Humoral immunity.

Question 40

What is the term for the unique series of amino acid antigen surface markers?

Answer 40

Epitope.

Question 41

Which type of antibody is produced when an animal is first exposed to an antigen?

Answer 41

IgM (largest)

Question 42

Which type of antibody is the smallest but most common?

Answer 42

IgG (crosses placenta; passive immunity)

Question 43

Which type of antibody protects body surfaces?

Answer 43

IgA

Question 44

Which type of antibody binds to allergens?

Answer 44

IgE

Question 45

Which type of antibody activates basophils and mast cells?

Answer 45

IgD (know least about)

Question 46

Which type of antibody protects against parasitic infections?

Answer 46

IgE

Question 47

Which type of antibody is created by intranasal vaccination?

Answer 47

IgA

Question 48

Which type of antibody can indicate chronic infection?

Answer 48

IgG

Question 49

Which type of antibody is temporary?

Answer 49

IgM (dissapears 2-3 wks after infection)

Question 50

Which type of antibody is the largest?

Answer 50

IgM

Question 51

Which division of the adaptive immune system is controlled by T cells?

Answer 51

Cell-Mediated Immunity.

Question 52

Which type of lymphocyte leaves lyphoid tissue and circulates in blood and lymph?

Answer 52

T lymphocytes/cells.

Question 53

Which type of lymphocytes requires antigen-presenting cell (APC) in order to recognize an antigen?

Answer 53

T cells.

Question 54

What is the most numerous type of T cell?

Answer 54

Helper T cells. (Secrete cytokines)

Question 55

What type of T cell destroys cells to which they are attached?

Answer 55

Cytotoxic T cells. (AKA effector/killer/ killer T cells)

Question 56

What type of T cell provides control over the adaptive immune system?

Answer 56

Regulatory T cells. (Inhibit helper T and cytotoxic cell function by negative feedback)

Question 57

What type of vaccine has been weakened or attenuated so it is nonpathogenic but still antigenic?

Answer 57

Modified-live vaccine.

Question 58

What type of immunity results when the bodys immune system responds to an antigen?

Answer 58

Active immunity.

Question 59

What type of immunity results when an animal recieves antibodies from an external source?

Answer 59

Passive immunity.

Question 60

Antibodies received through colostrum ingestion are an example of what type of immunity?

Answer 60

Passive immunity.

Question 61

What is the definition of virulence?

Answer 61

Relative strength of the pathogen.

Question 62

What type of hypersensitivity reaction includes anaphylactic shock?

Answer 62

Type I reaction.

Question 63

What type of hypersensitivity reaction results when reactive antibodies bind antigens on the host cell surfaces and destroy the bodys own cells?

Answer 63

Type II reaction. (Immune mediated hemolytic anemia)

Question 64

What type of hypersensitivity reaction results from insoluble immune complexes being trapped in small blood vessels?

Answer 64

Type III reaction. (Most common; lupus erythematosus)

Question 65

What type of hypersensitivity reaction results from cell-mediated reactions?

Answer 65

Type IV reaction. (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome)

Question 66

What type of hypersensitivity reaction includes allergies?

Answer 66

Type I reaction.