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Microbiology & Immunology > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What term is used to describe organisms capable of causing disease?

A

Pathogen

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2
Q

What is considered the first line of defense and the most important defense mechanism?

A

Skin and mucous membranes.

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3
Q

What does the phrase “normal flora” describe?

A

The surface of the skin supporting residential microorganisms, which recognize and destroy invaders.

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4
Q

How are the openings of the respiratory, GI, and urinary tracts protected?

A

Respiratory: cilia and mucus to trap pathogens.

GI: acidity of stomach to kill microbes.

Urinary: tears, saliva, nasal discharge, and urine to flush pathogens from body.

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5
Q

What part of the spleen is made of lymphoid tissue?

A

White pulp. Immunologic functions.

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6
Q

What is the definition of an antigen?

A

Anything that stimulates an immune response.

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7
Q

What is the definition of phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of bacteria or other material by phagocytes.

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8
Q

What is the responsibility of the lymphatic tissue?

A

Surrounds blood vessels and contains phagocytic cells that destroy antigens via phagocytosis.

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9
Q

Through which vessels does lymph enter lymph nodes?

A

Afferent vessels, exits through efferent vessels.

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10
Q

What is found in the medulla of lymph nodes which removes microorganisms, cancer cells, or foreign debris?

A

Macrophages.

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11
Q

What are the five peripheral lymph nodes?

A

Submandibular (caudal to mandible)

Prescapular (cranial to shoulder)

Axillary (where the front limb joins trunk)

Inguinal (near the groin)

Popliteal (distal/caudal aspect of hamstring muscles)

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12
Q

What does the acronym MALT refer to?

A

Mucosa-associated-lymphatic-tissue

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13
Q

What is the function if MALT?

A

To identify antigens and mount an immune response against them.

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14
Q

What is the difference between tonsils and lymph nodes?

A

Tonsils are present at beginning of lymph drainage system and lack a capsule. Also found in prepuce and vagina.

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15
Q

In which section of the small intestine are the majority of peyer patches found?

A

Lining of ileum. Smaller percent found in jejunum.

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16
Q

In what location is the thymus found?

A

Mediastinum.

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17
Q

What matures in the thymus?

A

T lymphocytes, also produce T cells.

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18
Q

Where are all white blood cells produced?

A

Red bone marrow.

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19
Q

What is a monocyte called when it is in tissue?

A

Macrophage.

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20
Q

Which immune system category is present at birth, is rapid, nonspecific, and destroys microorganisms indiscriminately?

A

Innate immune system. Destroys all “non-self” organisms.

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21
Q

Which immune system category is slower to respond and targets specific organisms?

A

Adaptive immune system.

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22
Q

What type of epithelial tissue is found in the skin?

A

Keratinized epithelial tissue.

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23
Q

What two things protect the upper repiratory tract?

A

Mucus and cilia.

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24
Q

What is the bodys first response to any injury?

A

Inflammation.

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25
Q

What are the most common phagocytic cells?

A

Neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

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26
Q

What cells are the first responders to an injured site?

A

Neutrophils > macrophages

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27
Q

What cellular organelle contains digestive enzymes to help break down bacteria?

A

Lysosome. Fuses with phagosome (phagolysosome)

28
Q

Where are complement proteins produced?

A

Liver. They circulate in blood in their active form.

29
Q

In which two ways can complement proteins alter microbial cell membranes?

A

Attach to microbes PAMPs and cause cell lysis.

Opsonization; coating the antigen with complement proteins to make it more visible to the phagocyte.

30
Q

What is the role of cytokines?

A

Messengers; they mediate the immune or inflammatory response by attracting immune cells to a specific site. (Infection, inflammation, trauma)

31
Q

Which granular lymphocytes can induce apoptosis?

A

Natural killer cells.

32
Q

What is the definition of apoptosis?

A

Programmed cell death.

33
Q

Which category of the immune system is slower to respond, specific, and has memory?

A

Adaptive (acquired) immune system.

34
Q

Where do B lymphocytes originate?

A

Red bone marrow. Migrate to lymphoid tissue.

35
Q

What type of cell is responsible for the actual production, storage, and release of antibodies?

A

Plasma cells (B cells differentiate into, with assistance of helper T cells)

36
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature?

A

Thymus (do originate in red bone marrow)

37
Q

What are memory cells?

A

Survivors of past infections, can provide long-term immunity.

38
Q

What are the two divisions of the adaptive immune system?

A

Antibody-mediated (humoral) immunity; Cell-mediated immunity

39
Q

The result of antibody production occurs in which division of the adaptive immune system?

A

Humoral immunity.

40
Q

What is the term for the unique series of amino acid antigen surface markers?

A

Epitope.

41
Q

Which type of antibody is produced when an animal is first exposed to an antigen?

A

IgM (largest)

42
Q

Which type of antibody is the smallest but most common?

A

IgG (crosses placenta; passive immunity)

43
Q

Which type of antibody protects body surfaces?

A

IgA

44
Q

Which type of antibody binds to allergens?

A

IgE

45
Q

Which type of antibody activates basophils and mast cells?

A

IgD (know least about)

46
Q

Which type of antibody protects against parasitic infections?

A

IgE

47
Q

Which type of antibody is created by intranasal vaccination?

A

IgA

48
Q

Which type of antibody can indicate chronic infection?

A

IgG

49
Q

Which type of antibody is temporary?

A

IgM (dissapears 2-3 wks after infection)

50
Q

Which type of antibody is the largest?

A

IgM

51
Q

Which division of the adaptive immune system is controlled by T cells?

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity.

52
Q

Which type of lymphocyte leaves lyphoid tissue and circulates in blood and lymph?

A

T lymphocytes/cells.

53
Q

Which type of lymphocytes requires antigen-presenting cell (APC) in order to recognize an antigen?

A

T cells.

54
Q

What is the most numerous type of T cell?

A

Helper T cells. (Secrete cytokines)

55
Q

What type of T cell destroys cells to which they are attached?

A

Cytotoxic T cells. (AKA effector/killer/ killer T cells)

56
Q

What type of T cell provides control over the adaptive immune system?

A

Regulatory T cells. (Inhibit helper T and cytotoxic cell function by negative feedback)

57
Q

What type of vaccine has been weakened or attenuated so it is nonpathogenic but still antigenic?

A

Modified-live vaccine.

58
Q

What type of immunity results when the bodys immune system responds to an antigen?

A

Active immunity.

59
Q

What type of immunity results when an animal recieves antibodies from an external source?

A

Passive immunity.

60
Q

Antibodies received through colostrum ingestion are an example of what type of immunity?

A

Passive immunity.

61
Q

What is the definition of virulence?

A

Relative strength of the pathogen.

62
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction includes anaphylactic shock?

A

Type I reaction.

63
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction results when reactive antibodies bind antigens on the host cell surfaces and destroy the bodys own cells?

A

Type II reaction. (Immune mediated hemolytic anemia)

64
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction results from insoluble immune complexes being trapped in small blood vessels?

A

Type III reaction. (Most common; lupus erythematosus)

65
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction results from cell-mediated reactions?

A

Type IV reaction. (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome)

66
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction includes allergies?

A

Type I reaction.

Microbiology & Immunology (3 decks)

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