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PH 151 > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

-Distinguishing self from non-self that is highly regulated (against tumors, pathogens, capability to recognize tissue grafts,

A

Immunity

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2
Q
  • type of immunity ready to recognize and eliminate microbes and dead cells
  • serves as first line of defense
  • recognizes dangers/stresses
A

Innate immunity

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3
Q

acts as a physical barrier to infection

A

Skin

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4
Q

-mucus, sneezing,

A

Respiratory tract

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5
Q

-gastric pH, peristalsis, normal flora

A

GI tract

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6
Q

-structures that are uniquely found in a pathogen and not present in a host cell

A

PAMPs: Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns

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7
Q

-receptors that can recognize shared structures (PAMPs)

A

PRRs: Pattern Recognition Receptors

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8
Q

recognizes lipopolysaccharide (in gram negative bacterial cell wall)

A

Toll-like Receptor (TLR-4)

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9
Q

molecules that are released from damaged or necrotic host cells

A

damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs)

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10
Q

soluble proteins that mediate immune and inflammatory reactions
-responsible for communication between leukocytes and other cells

A

Cytokines

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11
Q

pyrogenic cytokine

A

TNF

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12
Q

principal activator of macrophages

A

interferon-γ

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13
Q

2 main responses of innate immunity

A
  1. inflammatory response

2. antiviral defenses

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14
Q

response of vascularized tissues to infections and tissue damage that brings cells and molecules of host defense from the circulation to the sites where they are needed, to eliminate the offending agents

A

inflammation

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15
Q

what type of WBC are neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil, and mast cell?

A

granulocytes

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16
Q

monocytes and lymphocytes are what type of cells?

A

mononuclear cells

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17
Q
  • first responder
  • multi-lobed WBC
  • main role: phagocytose
A

neutrophil

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18
Q

-differentiate into macrophages (in circulation they are ____ but in tissues, they become macrophages

A

monocytes

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19
Q
  • for parasites

- weakly phagocytic

A

eosinophils

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20
Q
  • mediate allergic reaction

- contain heparin and histamine

A

basophils

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21
Q

-mediates allergic reaction in local tissue

A

mast cells

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22
Q

hepatically synthesized plasma proteins that play a role in innate immunity and inflammation

A

complement proteins

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23
Q

“cell eating”

A

phagocytosis

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24
Q

-granule in neutrophil that contain LAP, collagenase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin

A

specific granules

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25
Q

“cell eating”

-main mehanism: generation of NO or ROS (Reactive Oxygen Species)

A

phagocytosis

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26
Q

-when activated, would ultimately create MAC (membrane attack complex) to cause cell lysis or promote inflammatory responses

A

complement system

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27
Q
  • recognize infected and stressed cells

- respond by killing cells via secretion of macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ

A

Natural Killer Cells

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28
Q
  • recognize infected and stressed cells

- respond by killing cells via secretion of macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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29
Q
  • recognize infected and stressed cells

- respond by killing cells via secretion of macrophage-activating cytokine IFN-γ

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells

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30
Q

inhibit viral replication and induce an antiviral state in adjacent cells

A

Type I interferons

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31
Q

-where immune cells are generated

A

Generative lymphoid organs

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32
Q
  • “satellites”
  • lymph nodes, spleen, mucosal and cutaneous immune systems
  • where innate immune components interact with adaptive immune components
A

Peripheral lymphoid organs

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33
Q

-mainly composed of B cells and T cells

A

Adaptive immunity composition

34
Q

produced and matured in bone marrow

A

B cells

35
Q

produced in bone marrow and migrate and mature in thymus

A

T cells

36
Q

2 types of immunity that comprise adaptive immunity

A
  1. Humoral

2. Cell-mediated

37
Q

key player: B cells

A

Humoral Immunity

38
Q

key player: T cells

A

Cell-mediated Immunity

39
Q

Antibody-generating

A

Antigen

40
Q

-recognizes protein, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, lipids

A

B lymphocytes (B cells)

41
Q

-recognizes peptide fragments presented by Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

42
Q

-recognizes peptide fragments presented by specialized molecules: Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

A

T lymphocytes (T cells)

43
Q

what are the two major classes of antibody light chains

A

Kappa and Lambda

44
Q

dominant form of human Ig’s (hIg’s)

A

Kappa Chain

45
Q

what are the two major classes of antibody light chains

A

Kappa and Lambda

46
Q

what are the five major classes of antibody heavy chains

A 
Gamma
Mu
Alpha
Epsilon
Delta
47
Q

what isotype:

  • opsonization
  • activator of classical pathway
  • neonatal immunity: transfer maternal antibody across placenta and gut
A

IgG

48
Q
  • best activator of classical pathway

- a pentamer

A

IgM

49
Q

what isotype:

-associated with mucosal immunity (GI, respi)

A

IgA

50
Q

what isotype:

  • immediate hypersensitivity rxn
  • parasitic defense
A

IgE

51
Q

what isotype:

  • unknown function
  • bound to naive B lymphocytes
A

IgD

52
Q

antibody isotypes that are secreted and circulating in blood

A

IgG
IgA
IgM
IgE

53
Q
  • B cell will expand and differentiate and become memory cells
  • IgM are produced
A

Primary antibody response (first infection)

54
Q
  • memory B cells will expand and secrete antibodies

- IgG are produced

A

Secondary antibody response (repeat infection)

55
Q

what are the three (3) effector mechanisms of B-cell mediated responses

A

NOA

Neutralization

Opsonization and Phagocytosis

Antibody-mediated Cellular Mechanisms

56
Q

link between innate and adaptive immunity

A

Antigen Presenting Cells (APCs)

57
Q

considered professional APCs

  • capture antigens thru phagocytosis or receptor-mediated endocytosis
  • transport them to peripheral lymph nodes
  • display them to lymphocytes
A

Dendritic cells

58
Q

What are the other Antigen Presenting Cells

A

Macrophages
B lymphocytes
All nucleated cells

59
Q

most effective APC (when they are present, T cells react to it)

A

Dendritic cells

60
Q

set of membrane proteins on APC

A

MHC (Major Histocompatibility Complex)

61
Q

principal determinant of acceptance or rejection of tissue grafts

A

MHC (Human Leukocytes antigens)

62
Q

MHC that contains peptide-binding cleft

-interacts with CD8+

A

Class I MHC

63
Q

MHC that contains peptide-binding cleft

-recognized by CD4+

A

Class II MHC

64
Q

MHC expressed in dendritic cells, macrophages, B cells

A

Class II MHC

65
Q

MHC expressed in all nucleated cells

A

Class I MHC

66
Q

MHC that present extracellular antigens

A

Class II MHC

67
Q

MHC that present intracellular antigens

A

Class I MHC

68
Q

what type of T cell

defining cytokine: interferon-γ

target cell: macrophage

host defense: intracellular pathogens

role in disease: autoimmunity, chronic inflammation

A

TH1 (CD4+ Helper T Cells)

69
Q

defining cytokine: (interleukins) IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

target cell: eosinophil

host defense: helminths (parasites)

role in disease: allergy

A

TH2 (CD4+ Helper T Cells)

70
Q

///// defining cytokine:

target cell:

host defense:

role in disease:

A

TH2 subset (CD4+ Helper T Cells)

71
Q

interleukin that:

  • induces antibody production (IgG)
  • mast cell degranulation (IgE)
  • increases peristalsis
A

IL-4 (interleukin 4)

72
Q

cells that secrete IL-4, IL-13 and IL-5

A

TH2 Cells

73
Q

-interleukin responsible for eosinophil activation

A

IL-5 (interleukin 5)

74
Q

manifestation of /Mycobacterium leprae/ when TH1 cytokines are elaborated

A

minimal manifestation

75
Q

manifestation of /Mycobacterium leprae/ when TH2 cytokines are elaborated

A

Leonine facies

76
Q

defining cytokine: (interleukins) IL-17, IL-22

target cell: neutrophil

host defense: extracellular pathogens

role in disease: autoimmunity

A

TH17 subset (CD4+ Helper T Cells)

77
Q

interleukin associated with inflammation, neutrophil response

-triggers release in antimicrobial peptides in mucosa

A

IL-17

78
Q

interleukin that directs epithelial cells to release antimicrobial peptides and to increase barrier intergrity

A

IL-22

79
Q
  • helps B cells with IgM to switch to IgG, IgA, or IgE (isotype switching)
  • forms high-affinity antibodies and forms memory B cells
A

TFH (Follicular Helper)

80
Q

-directs B cells on what antibodies to produce

A

Helper T cells

81
Q

-recognize antigen and triggers release granules that could facilitate apoptosis in target cell

A

CD8+ Cytotoxic Cells

PH 151 (1 decks)

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