Immunology 101 Flashcards by Klementyna Kalicka | Brainscape

Q

Lymphatic organs

A

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

categories of immunity

A

innate and adaptive (aqured)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Innate

A

Non specific (or, at least, limited)

Requires no sensitising exposure

No memory response

Immediate/rapid response to threat

First line of defence

Includes phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages), NK cells, eosinophils, complement, others

Inflammation and fever responses

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

labelling by protein and eating by cell

A

opsionization with eg complement, and phagocytosis eg neutrophil or monocyte/macrophages

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Types of killing bacteria inside phagocyte

A

acidification (bacteriostatic or bactericidal), toxic oxygen derived products, toxic nitrogen oxides, antimicrobal peptides, enzymes (lysozyme(gram+), acid hydrolases), competitors (lactoferrin, b12)

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

PAMPs and DAMPs

PRRs

A

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

Adaptive immunity

A

Involves lymphocytes (B & T cells).

Humoral (fluid-phase antibodies) and Cell Mediated Immunity
Specific.

Exhibits memory (enhanced response on subsequent exposures 1st and 2nd).

Requires initial exposure to antigen, the sensitisation step.

Cells have multiple copies of a single antigen-specific receptor (SmIg or TcR).

Antigens trigger clonal expansion of lymphocytes bearing appropriate receptor.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

APCs

A

macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

cytokine

A

communication between immune cells; one cell produce protein cytokine and the other receive it and effect because of this signal

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

immune cell circulation, migration and homing

A

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

timing and basic processes of immune systems

A

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

immune mediated diseases

A

self or hamless antigens recognised as bad

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

arthritis

A

cartilage recognised as bad
tissue deforming
inflammation

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

diabitis

A

pancreatis cells recognised as bad

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

allergy

A

pollens

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

transplant rejection

A

major histocapability MHS tissue antigent as bad

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

transplant rejection

A

major histocapability MHS tissue antigent as bad

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

transplant rejection

A

major histocapability MHS tissue antigent as bad

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

transplant rejection

A

major histocapability MHS tissue antigent as bad

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

transplant rejection

A

major histocapability MHS tissue antigent as bad

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

transplant rejection

A

major histocapability MHS tissue antigent as bad

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

MHC

A

The major histocompatibility complex is a large locus on vertebrate DNA containing a set of closely linked polymorphic genes that code for cell surface proteins essential for the adaptive immune system. These cell surface proteins are called MHC molecules.

How well did you know this?

1

Not at all

2

3

4

5

Perfectly

Q

kinds of immune-mediated diseases

A

misdirected, overly strong (chronic), not switched off

Q

cells of immune system

A

Q

cells of immune system

A

Q

tissues of immune system

A

Primary Lymphoid Tissues:
- Bone Marrow Site of maturation and development of stem cells into B lymphocytes.
Unique ‘microenvironment’ for B cell maturation.
- Thymus
Bi-lobed structure overlying the heart.
Site of maturation and development of stem cells into T lymphocytes.
Provides unique ‘microenvironment’ for T cell maturation.

Q

Lymphoid Tissues

A

Development of lymphocytes within the 1st lymphoid tissues is not dependent on exposure to antigen.
1st lymphoid organs are sites of immune cell maturation and NOT sites of immune responses.
Immune responses occur in the tissues referred to as 2 lymphoid organs.
These include spleen, lymph nodes, and mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALTs)

Q

Lymphocyte Maturation

A

Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

The various 2nd lymphoid organs are designed to trap and respond to foreign material delivered to them:
Lymph nodes: filters lymphatic fluid draining the tissues.
Spleen: blood borne antigens.
MALTs: responds to antigens gaining access across mucosal surfaces.

Q

Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes ready to recognise

and kill virally-infected cells

A

ill bacteria will have smth viral on the membrane and CTL will recognise it and they release proteins from granules (perforin - they do little holes in the membrane of ill cell; granzyme - they will go through those holes and activate caspase for cell apoptosis :(

Q

lymphoid tissues

A

Q

Lymph node a lot of shit going on

A

Q

Lymph node a lot of shit going on

A

Q

spleen

A

blood filtered to find infections; T and B activated and mature to be send to circulation to fight

Q

Mucosal Associated Lymphoid Tissue in gut (Peyer’s Patches)

A

M cell transfere bad microbes to T cell area

Q

Molecules of immune system kinda werid

A

Q

Antibodies - soluble mediators STRUCTURE

A

Q

Antibodies - written structure

A

Monomeric Ig comprises

2 identical Heavy chains (MW 50KD)
2 identical Light chains (MW 25 KD)
First half of light chain and first quarter of heavy chain is variable in sequence(Variable regions)
Rest of the chain relatively constant in sequence (Constant regions)
Interchain S-S bonds hold molecule together.

Q

Antibody Classes (isotypes)

A

The isotype of an antibody is determined by the constant H chain region present in the molecule.
Biological properties of each Ig class depends on constant region of heavy chain
Five isotypes of antibody in Man:
IgA a chain (mucosal)
IgG y chain (main type, in blood and tissues)
IgM u chain (first type generated)
IgD d chain (surface receptor on B cells)
IgE e chain (involved in allergy)

Q

Antibody Classes (isotypes)

A

The isotype of an antibody is determined by the constant H chain region present in the molecule.
Biological properties of each Ig class depends on constant region of heavy chain
Five isotypes of antibody in Man:
IgA a chain (mucosal)
IgG y chain (main type, in blood and tissues)
IgM u chain (first type generated)
IgD d chain (surface receptor on B cells)
IgE e chain (involved in allergy)

Q

Fc part of antibody bind FcReceptors (c-terminus)

A

Q

Receptors for IgG Antibodies

A

A number of cells possess specific receptors for Fc,
These receptors allow the binding of antigen bound IgG to the cell surface.
The receptors are FcR I,II & III. (don’t have to know now)
They are expressed on phagocytes, B cells, NK cells and follicular dendritic cells.
Play key role in humoral immunity.
Links antibody binding to effector cell functions

Q

cytokines - soluble mediators

A

Intercellular messenger molecules which stimulate and regulate aspects of the immune response and haematopoiesis.
They function in either:
- Autocrine
- Paracrine
- Endocrine fashions
They exhibit properties of pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy.

Q

cytokines - soluble mediators

A

Intercellular messenger molecules which stimulate and regulate aspects of the immune response and haematopoiesis.
They function in either
Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine fashions
They exhibit properties of pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy.

Q

haematopoiesis

A

process of doing blood cells from haemopoetic stem cells in bone marrow

Q

pleiotropy

A

they have many different functions

Q

pleiotropy

A

they have many different functions

Q

redundancy

A

other cytokines can replace them in certain functions

Q

synergy

A

work with other cytokines

Q

Key Cytokines in immunity

A

Interleukins (IL-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,10,12,13,17)
Interferons IFN y, IFNa, IFNb
Tumour Necrosis Factor TNF
Transforming Growth Factor b (TGFb)
Colony Stimulating Factors (CSF)

Q

Chemokines and Chemoattractants - Soluble Mediators

A

Small molecules which cause ordered, unidirectional movement of specific cell types following interaction with receptors.

Q

Complement fragments

A

A number of C’ breakdown products possess key biological functions, these include:

C3a (anaphylatoxin) - cause inflamation sometimes very serious
C4a (anaphylatoxin) - cause inflamation sometimes very serious
C5a (chemotactic & anaphylatoxin)
C3b (opsonin) - labelling eg bacteria

Q

Cells of immune system

A

Phagocytes (neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages)
Natural Killer cells NK (large granular lymphocytes)
Lymphocytes eg B-cells
Accessory cells (mast cells, basophils)
Eosinophils (important in allergic reactions and to parasites)
Antigen Presenting Cells (dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells)

Q

Molecules of the immune system

A

Complement
Antigen receptors, Antibodies
Cytokines
Chemokines 
Cell surface molecules, receptors

Q

Components of immune system

must

A

Develop
Move
Communicate
Function

Q

What the immune system needs to do

A

Recognise - highly specific or general
Respond - in many ways
Resolve - if infection is no more we want to get rid of fighters
Remember - adaptive should remember to react faster in the future

Q

Some brief, useful videos:

A

https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=zQGOcOUBi6s
https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=PSRJfaAYkW4
https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=fHzs9FcnkdE
https: //www.youtube.com/watch?v=fSEFXl2XQpc