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Cycle 3 - Infection > Immunology 1 - Innate Immunity > Flashcards

Immunology 1 - Innate Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key structures of a Prokaryotic cell?

A
  • DNA (single and circular)
  • Rigid/Complex Cell wall
  • Enzymes and Ribosomes (free in cytoplasm)
  • Plasma membrane
  • Capsule
  • Nucleoid
  • Flagella (tail; for movement)
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2
Q

Where in the Prokaryotic cell is DNA found?

A

In the Nucleoid and Plasmids (Plasmid DNA = free in the cytoplasm)

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3
Q

What structure(s) does a Prokaryotic cell not have?

A
  • Nucleus
  • Mitochondria
  • Golgi and Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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4
Q

What structure(s) does a Eukaryotic cell not have?

A
  • Cell wall
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5
Q

Properties of a Nucleiod?

A
  • Circular, Supercoiled, Double-stranded
  • Associated with histone-like proteins
  • Generally has only 1 chromosome
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6
Q

Properties of Plasmids?

A
  • Small loops of extra DNA
  • Not essential for survival
  • Can be incorporated into the chromosome
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7
Q

How can Plasmids be incorporated into the chromosome?

A

A single DNA strand is tansferred b/wn cells by CONJUGATION (using ‘rolling circle’ replication’).

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of Active Transport in bacteria?

A

1) ABC transport (ATP binding cassette)
2) PMF driven transport
3) Group translocation

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9
Q

What is Peptidoglycan?

A

Highly cross-linked polymers made up of Carbohydrates and Amino acids

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10
Q

What does structural changes in Peptidoglycan allow for?

A

Allows for bacteria to be classified as GRAM +VE or GRAM -VE (Peptidoglycan layer = narrower in Gram -ve Cell wall)

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11
Q

What is a Pathogen (microbe)?

A

An organism that can cause disease

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12
Q

What are the 4 major groups of pathogens?

A

1) Viruses
2) Bacteria
3) Fungi
4) Parasites

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13
Q

Distinctive Pathogen

A

When 1 microbe = 1 disease

e.g: Plague, Typhoid

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14
Q

Pathogenic agents

A

Many microbes = 1 disease

e.g: Pneumonia, Septicemia (blood poisoning)

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15
Q

Pluripotential agents

A

1 microbe = many diseases

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16
Q

What is Commensal bacteria?

A

Bacteria we rely on for digestive survival

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17
Q

What is the role of the Immune System?

A

To protect from pathogens

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18
Q

What are two types of Immunity?

A

1) Innate immunity

2) Adaptive immunity

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19
Q

What are the two similar activities of the immune system?

A

1) Recognition (of invaders)

2) Response (Primary or Memory)

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20
Q

Components present before infection in Innate immunity include?..

A
  • Skin
  • Mouth/GI tract
  • Lung/respiratory tract
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Soluble molecules
  • Pattern recognition sequences
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21
Q

Examples of Pro-inflammatory Cytokines;

A
  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
  • Bradykinin
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22
Q

Examples of soluble components of Innate immunity;

A
  • CAMs
  • Chemokines e.g: Pro-inflammatory cytokines
  • Defensins
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23
Q

What are the 4 families of CAMs?

A

1) Mucin-like
2) Selectins
3) Ig-Superfamily
4) Integrins

24
Q

What is meant by Complement ?

A

A system of (30) soluble proteins

25
Q

What is the main function of Complement activation ?

A

Recognises and destroys pathogens -based on recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns

26
Q

Name 3 ways Complement activation destroys pathogens?

A

1) Phagocytosis
2) Lysis (of cells, bacteria and viruses) = disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane
3) Inflammation

27
Q

What is Opsonisation ?

A

Promotion of Phagocytosis (complement proteins cause microbes to bind therefore are easily digested by Phagocytes).

28
Q

Name the 3 pathways for Complement activation in the complement system

A

1) Classical - Initiated by antibody binding to antigen
2) Alternative - DOES NOT INVOLVE ANTIBODIES. Involves direct contact b/wn antigens and complement factors
3) Lectin - (Proteins produced by the Liver when microbes are digested) (Lectin binds to carbohydrates on the surface of the microbe causing Complement activation).

29
Q

What is the final product of Complement activation ?

A

The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

30
Q

Name a major receptor of the Innate immune system ?

A

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) - non specifically triggers innate immune response

31
Q

1) What are TLR’s ?
2) What do they form ?
3) Importance of TLR4 ?
4) How many types of TLR’s are there and what signalling pathway do they have ?

A
  • They’re trans-membrane proteins with repeating sequence of AA’s
  • They form Leucine-rich repeats (LRR’s) which form extracellular ligand (binding region of the TLR’s)
  • They also have Intracellular TLR domain
  • TLR4 = important in the recognition of bacterial LPS ( which is expressed in gram NEGATIVE bacteria)
  • 11 types of TLR’s - all have Intracellular signalling pathways
32
Q

What do cell surface TLR’s recognise ?

A

Extracellular ligands e.g: LPS

33
Q

What do Intracellular TLR’s recognise ?

A

Intracellular ligands e.g: Viral DNA, Bacterial DNA and Nucleic acids

34
Q

What do TLR 1,2,4 and 6 bind to?

A

Cell wall components

35
Q

What does TLR 5 bind to?

A

Flagellin of bacteria

36
Q

What does TLR 3 bind to?

A

Double stranded RNA

37
Q

What is LPS ?

A

Extremely toxic Lipo-Poly-Saccharide that is expressed on the cell surface of gram negative bacteria. e.g: E-Coli

38
Q

What are the major components of LPS ?

A

1) Lipid A (embedded in the membrane)
2) Core Polysaccharide
3) O-antigen polysaccharide

39
Q

LPS’ are highly antigenic. TRUE or FALSE ?

A

TRUE -this varies between bacteria

40
Q

The net negative charge over the cell surface of gram -ve bacteria allows it to evade an immune response. TRUE or FALSE ?

A

TRUE

41
Q

Name 4 cellular components involved in the Innate immune system ?

A

1) NK (Natural killer) Cells
2) Macrophages
3) Neutrophil
4) Dendritic cells (similar to macrophages)

1 and 2 = extremely potent phagocytes

42
Q

What are Granulocytes ?

A

Granular WBC’s = they possess a large number of cytoplasmic granules

43
Q

Name the 3 types of granulocytes ?

A

1) Eosinophil (important in allergic reactions)
2) Basophil (least numerous WBC)
3) Neutrophil (involved in Innate immune system; acts as antigen presenting cells)

44
Q

Neutrophils are the first to migrate from blood to tissue, upon infection of bacteria or fungi. TRUE or FALSE ?

A

TRUE

45
Q

What is the Nonox/Oxidative defense and why is it important ?

A

Nonox defence = the production of ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species)

It is important as it is powerful for destroying ingested microbes

46
Q

What type of bacteria does TLR2 recognise ?

What type of bacteria does TLR4 recognise ?

A

Gram +VE bacteria

Gram -VE bacteria

47
Q

What is formed when an Oxygen molecule binds to additional electron ?

A

A Superoxide radical

48
Q

Superoxide radical(s) form Peroxynitrite under which 3 enzymes ?

A

1) Phagocyte Oxidase
2) Superoxide dismustase
3) iNOS (inducible Nitric Oxide synthase)

49
Q

Protons bind to Peroxynitrite to form…?

A

Peroxynitrous acid

50
Q

Peroxynitrous acid dissociates into …?

A

Hydroxyl radical and Nitrogen di-oxide

51
Q

Free radicals have been linked to aging in humans. TRUE or FALSE ?

A

TRUE

52
Q

What are Interferon’s ?

A

Antiviral product

53
Q

What do Mononuclear phagocytes consist of ?

A

Monocytes and Macrophages

monocytes differentiate into macrophages.

54
Q

How many major types of Dendritic Cell’s (DC) are there ?

A

4

55
Q

Common major function of DC’s ?

A

All types break down Antigen and present the fragments on MHC I or II molecules. All perform T Cell activation.

56
Q

What does MHC stand for ?

A

Major Histocompatibilty Complex

57
Q

What are the 4 types of DC’s ?

A

1) Langerhans DC
2) Interstitial
3) Myeloid
4) Plasmocytoid - stems from Plasmocytoid cells

First 3 = stem from Myeloid Stem Cells

Cycle 3 - Infection (3 decks)

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