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FMS > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 7 main concepts of immunology?

A
  1. Immune System has to have balance between hyper and hyporeactivity.
  2. Immune system has two overlapping compartments (innate and adaptive)
  3. Adaptive Immune has memory
  4. Antigen specificity of adaptive is because of antigen-specific receptors.
  5. immune system is tightly regulated
  6. Specific adaptive immune response are activated and expanded through clonal selection.
  7. antigen-receptor have increased diversity made by DNA rearrangement called VDJ recombination
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2
Q

what makes the innate immune system different from the adaptive immune system?

A

the innate immune system is natural and it is always there in healthy people.
fastest
not antigen specific
no memory

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3
Q

can the innate immune system help the adaptive immune?

A

yes, it can help enhance it

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4
Q

What type of cells are most common in the adaptive immune system?

A

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

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5
Q

what is memory?

A

it is part of the adaptive immune system.
when T or B cell encounters an antigen it could remember the antigen exposure.
once it remembers the antigen it can mount a faster and larger response in order to better eliminate the antigen.

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6
Q

do memory t or b cells float around?

A

no, they stay in the previously infected tissue where they can be ready to mount a response should an antigen present again.

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7
Q

what are B lymphocytes?
what are their importance?
what is their mechanism?

A

B lymphocytes or B cells of the adaptive immune system.
in large part they deal with antibodies.
they make antibodies and are part of humoral immunity.
membrane forms of antibodies act as a receptors that recognize antigens and start activation of cells. once the B cell is activated then it can send out antibodies with the same antigen specificity.

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8
Q

What are T lymphocytes and what are their importance and mechanism?

A

T lymphocytes are part of cell-mediated immunity.
T lymphocytes are also T cells and their job is to recognize peptide sequences of protein antigens that are bound to MHC that are the surface of the APC.

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9
Q

what is the difference between a T helper cell and a Cytotoxic T cell?

A

T helper cells are CD4 and they help B lymphocytes to make antibodies and help macrophages better ingest microbes.
cytotoxic T cell are CD8 and will kill cells

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10
Q

What is a naive t cell?

A

a naive t cell has receptors but they themselves can’t mount a response.
they float around peripheral organs and wait for an antigen to bind to it.
once an antigen binds then it will differentiate and become active and could turn into an effector T cell and eventually a memory cell.

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11
Q

what is an effector T cell?

A

they make molecules that eliminate antigens

they will die as soon as the antigen is eliminated.

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12
Q

what are the peripheral lymphoid organs?

A

lymph nodes, spleen, cutaneous and mucosal immune system.

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13
Q

what is the function of the lymph node?

A

they are bundles of lymphoid tissues and they leak out lymph and are drained out by lymphatic vessels. The APC cells will bring the antigen to the lymph so that the T cell or B cell can recognize it and go fight it in the infected tissue.

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14
Q

what is the function of the spleen?

A

basically do what the lymph nodes do except for blood borne antigens, so antibodies and B cells would be most active.

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15
Q

Are APCs and memory cells found in the skin and mucosal immune system?

A

yes the are. the memory cells are there because they stayed there after they mounted an attack. APC are there so that when bound to a dendritic cell they can send the antigen to the lymph where it will react with a t cell and will be sent back to mount a response.

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16
Q

how are the B and T cells divided in the lymph nodes?

A

B cells are in the follicles or periphery of the cortex. T cells are next to the follicles, but closer to the cortex.

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17
Q

what are myeloid cells?

A

they are neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, dendritic cells, macrophages and monocytes.

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18
Q

what is the function of eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells?

A

eosinophils-phagocytic, parasites
basophil-allergies
mast cells-asthma
monocyte-phagocytic, circulate in the blood
macrophage-release cytokines to attract other immune cells like neutrophils
dendritic cells eat large proteins and break them into smaller peptide units that then go into the lymph nodes and present them to the lymphocyte which will then take it and activate a response by killing it or getting more help for the affected tissue.

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19
Q

what are antigen presenting cells?

A

they are dendritic cells, macrophages, monocytes and they put antigens onto the MHC to display to T cells

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20
Q

what are lymphoid cells?

A

they are the B, T and NK cells

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21
Q

what are NK cells?

summarize what they do.

A

they are large and have granules that target cells that are infected with a virus or cancer.
release granules that bind to the infected cells phospholipid membranes and these granules punch holes in the membrane and cause some cells to undergo apoptosis

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22
Q

what are B cells?

summarize what they do.

A

B cells don’t need antigens to be presented on a MHC.
they can help lead antigens to MHC II that present to T cells.
T cells can help B cells turn into plasma cells that can in turn release antibodies or immunoglobulins. it takes a while for them to mature, but once ready they have the same specificity as original B cell. they circulate and attach to the antigen and mark for destruction. antibodies are b cell receptors that run around.

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23
Q

what are t cells?

summarize what they do.

A

T cells are antigen specific, but unlike b cells they can’t secrete their antigen receptor.
Naive t cells become active when bound to dendritic cells and now they are mature.
once mature they can become a form of T helper cells that secrete cytokines to help macrophages and help with B cells.
Or they can mature into cytotoxic t cells that kill the target cells with antigen on MHC.

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24
Q

what are the chemical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

lysozyme found in tears

decreased pH in the gut

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25
Q

what are the physical barriers of the innate immune system?

A

epithelial layers of the skin, respiratory and GI tract.

26
Q

what are pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMP) and why are they important?

A

pathogen associated molecular patterns are important because it allows the pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) found on macrophages and neutrophils to recognize and group patterns that different antigens have.
they are important because it allows for macrophages and other cells of the innate system recognize the antigens and mount a response against them.

27
Q

what are phagocytic PRRs

A

they bind to PAMP to let phagocyte eat and lets the macrophage eliminate before cytokine.
they do not release cytokines
PRR recognizes PAMP on macrophage and it lets a lysosome and phagosome come together and make a phagolysosome.
they also have granules.
the first granule is a specific granule and it releases proteases and hydrolyases what make th ematerials die and lets potassium and Hydrogen ions come in and is now more acidic.
after that an azurophilic granule is released and it has oxidative enzymes that will eat the pathogen.

28
Q

what are signaling PRRs

A

they deal with large number of pathogens.
a macrophage will signal for help to get more macrophages and release cytokines.
TLR or Tol like receptors bind to PAMPs and activate NFKB which secretes pro-inflammatory cytokines and it will create an opening in the blood vessel in order to get more leuokocytes and this induces a fever.
if the pathogen is intracellular then the cell secretes interferons alpha and beta that mess up with how viruses respond.

29
Q

are respiratory bursts related to phagocytic PRRs?

what is the mechanism.?

A

they are related to the PRRs and they are the last step.
A respiratory or oxidative burst destroys the phagolysosome and macrophage.
they make more NO and HOOH and bind to molecules in the cell which causes tissue damage. The phagolysosome starts NADPH OXIDASE which transfers electrons to two hydrogen ions to make 2NADPH +OO-,OO-+H+. this in will react with superoxide dismutase to make the specie destroy the pathogens and everything else around it.

30
Q

briefly summarize an immune response to a flu inflammation and innate immunity

A
  1. pathogen will go past chemical and physical barriers
  2. tissues that have macrophages that stay in it will sense the presence of pathogens via TLR receptors.
  3. Macrophages will secrete cytokines including chemoattractants which induce neutrophil trafficking to inflammatory site (we need help)
  4. the circulating neutrophil in the blood will move into the tissue after seeing chemoattractant and kill bacterial and partake in phagocytosis
31
Q

do macrophages stay in the tissues?

A

yes

32
Q

do macrophages have Pattern Recognition Receptors

A

yes

33
Q

what is the major function of macrophages?

A

ingest and kill microbes

34
Q

what are monocytes?

A

they are molecules that circulate in the blood stream and they are extra help. they will see the immune response and go into the tissue where they will turn into a macrophage and eat the microbe and deal with antigen presentation.

35
Q

what are neutrophils?

A

they are molecules with multiple nucleases and have granules. they are found circulating in the blood and will come in after seeing a cytokine or chemoattractant where they will kill the bacteria.

36
Q

what are eosinophils?

A

they are bilobed molecules that help remove material bound to the antibody

37
Q

what are mast cells?

A

they are molecules that mostly reside in tissues and they have granules that have histamines and other cytokines that provide and anti-helminth or allergic responses.

38
Q

what are basophil?

A

they are molecules that are bilobed and they release histamine and might be involved in T cell responses.

39
Q

how do dendritic cells migrate to lymphoid organs?

A

Dendritic cells that were once sentinel will be activated when they recognize certain characteristic features of microbes or antigens.
From there they will bind and go through the blood via lymphatic vessels where they present antigens to the lymph nodes in order for a T or B cell to work on it.

40
Q

do helper t cells migrate back to the site of infection?

A

no they don’t.

cytotoxic cells do.

41
Q

do naive lymphocytes stay in just the lymph nodes?

A

no, they circulate between the blood and periphery lymphoid organs.

42
Q

where do t cells originate from?

A

they originate from the thymus where they undergo T Cell Receptor rearrangement and acquisition and develop a tolerance to self.
mature t cells then migrate into the medulla and enter circulation where they chill in secondary lymphoid organs like the spleen.

43
Q

difference between afferent and efferent lymphatics

A

afferent: carry lymph to LN
efferent: carry lymph away from LN

44
Q

how do immune cells get to where they need to go?

A

they use different cell surface molecules.

they use chemokines and integrins and they help move them around

45
Q

what are defensins and what immune system are they a part of?

A

they are antimicrobial peptides that cause direct damage to pathogen membranes by getting into them and creating pores and they are part of the innate system.

46
Q

what are opsonins?

A

they are recognition molecules that are plasma proteins that bind to microbes and then to cellular receptors. they facilitate phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. they mostly help eat things. and they bind to bacterial product that shouldn’t be there.
IgG and IgA antibodies are ‘adaptive’ opsonins.
mostly complement system.
WILL KILL through receptor

47
Q

if we don’t have a fever or other characteristics of an infection how else can we tell?

A

we can tell through damage-associated molecular patterns or DAMPs.
our body can see if some cellular components are out of place and if they are they are detected by receptors.
they can be actively released from cells and these are called alarmins–panic something is around.
they are also very pro-inflammatory—really know there is a problem.

48
Q

in three steps how do phagocytes kill microbes?

A
  1. put pores in microbes by antimicrobial peptides
  2. start irreparable DNA damage using reactive oxidants and nitrogen intermediates. (ROS and NO)
  3. degrade proteins needed for the integrity of the pathogen.
49
Q

what is the purpose of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs)?

A

under certain conditions neutrophils will explode like a suicide bombing.
they explode or spew our granules that have NETs that bind to the infection to keep it from spreading where they will bind to it and kill it. they then will cause other cells to undergo inflammation to recruit for more help.

50
Q

what do type 1 interferons do?

A

they sense a virus and make the cell resistant to the virus and cause the virus to shut down and this ends the effector phase.

51
Q

what are natural killer cells?

A

they are cells that are activated by type 1IFN and other cytokines (IL-12) to recognize and lyse infected or altered host cells. where things don’t look too good and then they will kill.

52
Q

Mechanism of natural killer cells.

A 
First they need to see if there is an absence of inhibitory signals and a presence of activating signals. (Inhibition MHC Class 1) (Activation:Stress or Infection induced ligands). Activating receptors associate with activating ligand when class 1 MHC is downregulated in a virus infected cell. 
Once downregulated then granules from the NK cells are released and are inserted into the membrane to make a pore and will then release a cytokine on the target cell to get others to kill it as well.
53
Q

what is the difference between conventional and plasmacytoid dendritic cells?

A

conventional dendritic cells secrete IL-12 and that activates NK cells and helps modify t cell responses.
plasmacytoid dendritic cells make type 1 IFN to induce anti-viral responses.

54
Q

why is TNF important and what is the primary source?

*Innate

A 
macrophages and t cells are the primary source.
Endothelial cells:activation
macrophages: activation
liver:APP
many cell types: apoptosis
hypothalamus: fever---INFLAMMATION
55
Q

why is IL1 important and what is the primary source?

A 
macrophages, endothelial cells and some epithelial cells are the primary sources.
endothelial cells: activation
hypothalamus: fever
liver: make APP
T cells: TH17 differentiation
56
Q

why is IL8 important and what is the primary source?

A

macrophages, DC, endothelial cells, T lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and platelets are primary sources.
They are chemokines and they increase integrin ffinity and chemotaxis activation—clean up on IL8

57
Q

why is IL12 important and what is the primary source?

A

dendritic cells and macrophages are the sources.
NK and T cells: interferon gamma production and increase cytotoxic activity
Tcells: Th1 differentiation

58
Q

why is interferon gamma important and primary source?

A

NK and T cells are primary source

they activate macrophages and stimulate some antibody responses

59
Q

why is interferon alpha and beta important and primary sources

A

alpha-DC and macrophages
beta-fibroblasts
they put all the cells into a anti-viral state and you increase MHC 1 expression
NK cells are activated

60
Q

why is IL6 important and what is the primary source?

A

macrophages, endothelial cells, and t cells are primary source
Liver: make APP
B cells: proliferation of antibody-producing cells
T cells: TH17 differentiation

FMS (5 decks)

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