IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY (BLOOD BANK) Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
extracts made from the seed of plants w/c have blood group specificity
A
Lectins
2
Q
organic extracts that can be used as antisera for antigen typing red cells
A
Lectins
3
Q
Lectin for Anti-A1
A
Dolichos biflorus
4
Q
Lectin for Anti-B
A
Bandeiraea simplicifolia
5
Q
Lectin for Anti-H
A
Ulex europaeus
6
Q
Lectin for Anti-M
A
Iberis amara
7
Q
Lectin for Anti-N
A
Vicia graminea
8
Q
Lectin for Anti-T
A
Arachis hypogea
9
Q
Arachis hypogea is also known as
A
Peanut lectin
10
Q
Lectin for Anti-Tn
A
Salvia sclaera
11
Q
Year when ABO blood group showed clotting
A
1901
12
Q
Year when blood group “AB” was discovered
A
1902
13
Q
Correlation of the ABO antigens on red cells and the reciprocal agglutinating antibodies in the serum of the same individual
A
Landsteiner’s Rule/Law
13
Q
First anticoagulant
A
Sodium Phosphate
14
Q
Detection of antigens on patient’s RBC with known commercial antisera
A
Forward typing (Cell/direct typing)
15
Q
Specimen of forward typing
A
Px RBC
16
Q
Reagent for forward typing
A
antisera
17
Q
Color of antisera for anti A
A
Blue
18
Q
Color of antisera for anti B
A
Yellow
19
Q
Formation of ABO antigens happens on
A
5th-6th week of Gestation
19
Q
FORWARD TYPING: Blood type B reaction for
Anti A:
Anti B:
Anti AB:
A
Negative
Positive
Positive
20
Q
Peak production of ABO antigens in forward typing
A
2-4 years of age
21
Q
FORWARD TYPING: Blood type A reaction for
Anti A:
Anti B:
Anti AB:
A
Positive
Negative
Positive
22
Q
FORWARD TYPING: Blood type AB reaction for
Anti A:
Anti B:
Anti AB:
A
Positive
Positive
Positive
22
FORWARD TYPING: Blood type O reaction for
Anti A:
Anti B:
Anti AB:
Negative
Negative
Negative
22
Formation of ABO antibodies for reverse typing
3-6 months of age
23
Specimen for reverse typing
Patient's serum
23
Detection of ABO antibodies in the serum of the patient with known commercial RBCs
Reverse typing (serum/indirect typing)
23
Reagent for reverse typing
known red cells
24
Peak production of ABO antibodies in reverse typing
5-10 years of age (Continuous)
25
2 classification of ABO antibodies w/c are important in Blood Banking
IgM and IgG
26
IgM reacts at what temperature?
Room temperature
27
REVERSE TYPING: Blood type A reaction for
A Cells:
B Cells:
negative
positive
28
REVERSE TYPING: Blood type B reaction for
A Cells:
B Cells:
positive
negative
29
REVERSE TYPING: Blood type AB reaction for
A Cells:
B Cells:
negative
negative
30
REVERSE TYPING: Blood type O reaction for
A Cells:
B Cells:
positive
positive
31
These are unexpected reactions obtained in forward or reverse grouping
ABO discrepancies
32
Problems with patient when there ABO discrepancies are present
1. Serum
2. RBCs
3. Serum and RBCs
33
Which group is affected if there is a problem with the patient's serum?
Reverse typing
34
Which group is affected when there is a problem with the patient's RBCs?
Forward typing
35
What are the causes of the unexpected reactions in ABO discrepancies?
1. Extra positive reaction
2. Weak or missing reaction
36
Technical errors in the laboratory
1. blood sample and test tube labeling errors
2. failure to add reagents
3. addition of incorrect reagent or sample
37
What should be the first step in blood typing?
forward typing
38
Initial resolution for ABO discrepancies
Initial testing
39
How initial testing is done?
Using RBCs suspended in serum or plasma; Repeat testing of the same sample using a saline suspension of RBCs
40
Unexpected reaction with reverse typing
Group I Discrepancies
41
what are weakly reacting or missing in group I discrepancies?
antibodies
42
Initial resolution for group I discrepancies
serum with reagent A and B cells @ room temperature for 15-30 mins
43
What to do if there is still no reaction in group I discrepancies after initial resolution?
incubate serum-cell mixture @ 4 degCel for 15-30 mins
43
Unexpected reaction with forward typing
Group II discrepancies
43
what are weakly reacting or missing in group II discrepancies?
antigens
44
Initial resolution for group II discrepancies
RBC with reagent antisera @ room temperature for 30 mins
45
What to do if there is still no reaction in group II discrepancies after initial resolution?
incubate the test mixture @ 4degCel for 15-30 mins
46
Unexpected reaction with forward and reverse typing
Group III discrepancies
47
Protein or plasma abnormalities of Group III discrepancies are due to:
Rouleaux formation or pseudoagglutination
48
Resolution for group III discrepancies
Forward grouping: wash px's RBCs several times with saline
Wash RBCs-- 2-3x
Wash cord cells-- 6-8x
Reverse grouping: saline replacement technique
49
This free the cells from rouleaux formation
Saline replacement technique
50
Discrepancies between forward and reverse groupings are due to miscellaneous problems
Group IV discrepancies
51
Yield and Coomb's/ Antiglobulin test shows this problem
Potent cold autoantibodies
52
Resolution for cold autoantibodies
incubate Px's RBC @ 37 degCel for short period of time then wash with saline @ 37 degCel for 3x and then RETYPE
53
last resort for resolving cold autoantibodies
AHG Phase
54
Resolution for weakly reacting Anti A and Anti B
cold autoabsorption
55
Resolution for uexpected ABO isoagglutinins
A1B and A1
A2B and A2
Test RBCs with Dolichos biflorus
56
The precursor of A & B cells
Anti H
57
Where can we usually detect the secretor genes?
saliva
58
These are H antigens found in human secretions
Se gene
59
Based on agglutination inhibition/neutralization
ABH Secretor detection
60
these are ABO water soluble substances found in saliva and other body fluid
ABH secretor
60
ABH soluble substances are ______ in nature
glycoprotein
61
Type 1 precursor chain
B 1-3 linkage of D-galactose and N-Acetylglucosamine
62
Soluble substances found in type A
A and H soluble substances
62
Soluble substances found in type B
B and H soluble substances
63
Soluble substances found in type AB
A, B and H soluble substances
64
Soluble substances found in type O
H soluble substances
65
2 reagents used in AHG testing ( Coomb's test)
Polyspecific AHG and Monospecific AHG
65
Contain antibody to human igG and c3d component of human complement
Polyspecific AHG
66
This may also be present in poyspecific AHG
Anti-c3b
67
Can facilitate agglutination when RBCs have been sensitized with IgG or c3d or both
Polyspecific AHG
68
contains antibody activity to KAPPA and LAMBDA light chains
Polyspecific mixture
68
contain antibody activity against IgA and IgM heavy chains
commercially prepared polyspecific AHG
68
contain anti-IgG and anti-C3d
Rabbit polyclonal
68
Contains a blend of rabbit polyclonal antihuman IgG and anti-C3d is a murine monoclonal IgM antibody
Rabbit/Murine monoclonal Blend
69
Contains anti-IgG with no anticomplement activity
Anti-IgG (Rabbit Polyclonal)
69
Contain only one antibody specificity: either anti-IgG or antibody to specific components of complement such as C3b or C3d
Monospecific AHG
69
Licensed Monospecific reagents commonly used in monospecific AHG
Anti-IgG
Anti-c3b
Anti-c3d
70
Murine monoclonal IgM antibody secreted by a hybridoma cell line
Anti-IgG (Gamma-clone AHG)
71
Main component of this reagent is a murine monoclonal IgM antibody to C3d
Anti-complement (Anti-C3d)
72
will cause the agglutination of red blood cells coated with human c3d/c3b complement component
Anti-c3d
73
Detects in vivo sensitization of RBCs with IgG or complement components
Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)
73
Maternal antibody coating fetal RBCs
HDFN
73
Recipient antibody coating donor RBCs
HTR
73
Detected by one-stage procedure
DAT
74
Detects in vitro sensitization of RBCs with IgG or complement components
Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)
74
Autoantibody coating individual's RBCs
AIHA
74
Detected by two-stage procedure
IAT
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