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MTAP 1 > IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING > Flashcards

IMMUNOHEMATOLOGY AND BLOOD BANKING Flashcards

1
Q

extracts made from the seed of plants which have blood group specificity

A

lectins

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2
Q

It is used as anti sera for antigen typing red cells

A

lectins

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3
Q

blood specificity : Anti - A
lectin :

A

Dolichos biflorus

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4
Q

blood specificity : Anti - B
lectin :

A

Bandeiraea simplicifolia

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5
Q

blood specificity : Anti - H
lectin :

A

Ulex europaeus

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6
Q

blood specificity : Anti - M
lectin :

A

Iberis amara

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7
Q

blood specificity : Anti - N
lectin :

A

Vicia graminea

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8
Q

blood specificity : Anti - T
lectin :

A

Arachis hypogea (peanut lectin)

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9
Q

blood specificity : Anti - Tn (Tn syndrome)
lectin :

A

Salvia sclaera

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10
Q

Anti-Tn or Tn syndrome is formerly known as

A

Permanent mixed-field polyagglutinability

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11
Q

It is the correlation of ABO antigens on red cells and the reciprocal agglutinating antibodies in the serum of the same individual

A

Landsteiner’s Rule / Landsteiner’s Law

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12
Q

won the nobel prize

A

Karl Landsteiner

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13
Q

year of the discovery of ABO blood group system

A

1901

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14
Q

first anticoagulant used and discovered by who

A

Sodium phosphate ; Braxton Hicks

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15
Q

the year 4th blood group (AB) was discovered (decastello & sturli)

A

1902

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16
Q

Universal donor of plasma

A

Group AB
- it has no antibodies in plasma

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17
Q

Universal donor of packed RBCs

A

Group O
- no antigens

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18
Q

Universal recipient of packed RBCs

A

Group AB

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19
Q

principle of forward typing

A

detection of ANTIGENS on patient’s RBC with known commercial ANTISERA

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20
Q

specimen and reagent used in forward typing

A

specimen: patient’s rbc
reagent: anti-sera

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21
Q

forward typing is also known as

A

front
cell
direct

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22
Q

formation of ABO antigens

A

5th-6th week of gestation (newborn, in utero)

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23
Q

peak production of ABO antigens

A

2-4 years of age

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24
Q

color of anti-sera: Anti-A

A

Blue

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25
Q

color of anti-sera: Anti-B

A

yellow

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26
Q

antisera used for Rh antigen that gives (+) or (-) for blood type

A

Anti-D

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27
Q

principle of reverse typing

A

detection of ABO antibodies (isoagglutinins) in serum of patient with known commercial RBCs

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28
Q

specimen and reagent used in reverse typing

A

specimen: patient’s serum
reagent: known cells or known commercial RBCs

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29
Q

formation of ABO antibodies

A

3-6 months of age
- not for newborn; maternal antibody is seen if used for newborn

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30
Q

peak production of ABO antibodies

A

5-10 years of age (continuous)

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31
Q

2 important classification of ABO antibodies

A
  1. IgM- cold reacting; react best at room temp; do not bind to complements
  2. IgG (immune antibodies - develops upon exposure causing hemolysis) - can cross placenta
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32
Q

used to washed out antibodies present

A

saline

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33
Q

unexpected reactions are obtained in the forward and/or reverse grouping

A

ABO Discrepancies

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34
Q

if there is antibody missing or extra antibody reacting, it has problem with patient’s ____

A

Serum (reverse grouping)

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35
Q

if there is antigen missing or extra antigen reacting, it has problem with patient’s ____

A

RBCs (forward grouping)

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36
Q

if the patient’s problem is both Serum and RBCs, in forward, RCBs must be ____ and _____ if reverse

A

in forward, RBCs must be washed and saline replacement if reverse

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37
Q

unexpected reactions due to:

A
  1. extra POSITIVE reactions
  2. WEAKLY or MISSING reactions
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38
Q

All ABO discrepancies must be ____ prior to reporting a patient or donor ABO group

A

resolved

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39
Q

it is usually the discrepant reactions

A

Weak reactions

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40
Q

it is much more common than antigen problems

A

antibody problems

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41
Q

steps in forward typing

A

step 1: anti-sera
step 2: RBC

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42
Q

steps in reverse typing

A

step 1: serum/plasma
step 2: known cells

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43
Q

Common sources of technical errors causing ABO discrepancies

A
  1. Incorrect or inadequate identification of blood specimens, test tubes, or slides
  2. Cell suspension either too heavy or too light
  3. Clerical errors or incorrect recording of results
  4. A mix-up in samples
  5. Missed observation of hemolysis
  6. Failure to add reagents
  7. Failure to add samples
  8. Failure to follow manufacturer’s instructions
  9. Uncalibrated centrifuge
  10. Overcentifugation or undercentrifugation
  11. Contaminated reagents
  12. Warming during centrifugation
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44
Q

Group I Discrepancies

problem:
- unexpected reaction with ____
- weakly reacting or missing ____

resolution:
- incubate patient’s _____________ @ RT for 15-30 minutes
- if still no reaction, incubate _____ @ ____ for 15-30 minutes

A

problem:
- REVERSE GROUPING
- ANTIBODIES

resolution:
- PATIENT’S SERUM with REAGENT A1 & B CELLS
- SERUM-CELL MIXTURE @ 4degC

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45
Q

examples of group I discrepancies

A
  1. Newborn (ABO antibody production not detectable until 3-5 months of age)
  2. Elderly (production of ABO antibody is depressed
  3. Leukemia (CLL) or Lymphoma (ML) or Patients using immunosuppressive drugs demonstrating hypogammaglobulinemia
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46
Q

Group II Discrepancies

problem:
- unexpected reaction with ____
- weakly reacting or missing ____

resolution:
- incubate patient’s _____________ @ RT for 30 minutes
- if still no reaction, incubate _____ @ ____ for 15-30 minutes

A

problem:
- FORWARD GROUPING
- ANTIGENS

resolution:
- patient’s RBC with reagent ANTI-SERA
- TEST MIXTURE @ 4degC

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47
Q

examples of group II discrepancies

A
  1. subgroups of A & B
  2. Leukemia - weakened A or B antigens
  3. Hodgkin’s disease - mimic depression of antigens
  4. Acquired B phenomenon - weak reactions with anti-B antisera (blood type A)
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48
Q

Group III Discrepancies

problem:
- unexpected reaction with ____
- protein or plasma abnormalities —>

resolution:
- forward grouping: wash patient’s RBCs several times with ____
- reverse grouping: ____ technique [serum=saline]

A

problem:
- FORWARD & REVERSE GROUPING
- ROULEAUX formation or PSEUDOAGGLUTINATION (false agglutination)

resolution:
- SALINE; wash RBC 2-3x; wash cord cells 6-8x (due to wharton’s jelly)
- SALINE REPLACEMENT (serum is removed and replaced by an equal volume of saline)

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49
Q

example of group III discrepancies

A
  1. Elevated levels of globulin - MM, Waldenstrom’s macroglobulinemia, other plasma cell dyscrasias, and certain moderately advance cases of Hodgkin’s lymphomas
  2. Elevated levels of fibrinogen
  3. Plasma expanders (Dextran & Polyvinylpyrrolidone)
  4. Wharton’s Jelly (cord samples)
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50
Q

ABO antigens are made up of _____ & _______

A

glycolipids and glycoproteins

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51
Q

precursor of A & B antigens (sugar)

A

Oligosaccharides

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52
Q

group in ABO discrepancies wherein discrepancies between forward and reverse grouping are due to ______

A

group IV; MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS

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53
Q

Group IV Discrepancies

problem:
- potent cold autoantibodies —> yield +coomb’s/antiglobulin test

resolution:
- incubate patient’s _____________ @ 37degC for short period of time —> washed saline 3x @37degC —> retype

if not successful:
- forward: patient’s rbc + ______
- reverse: reagent rbcs and serum can be _______ for 10-15 minutes, mixed, tested, and read @ 37degC
- convert the test to _____ if necessary

A

resolution:
- patient’s RBC

if not successful:
- 0.01 M dithiothreitol (DTT)
- incubate/warmed @ 37degC
- AHG Phase

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54
Q

Group IV Discrepancies

problem:
- Weakly reactive Anti-A or Anti-B

resolution:
- may not react at 37degC

if reverse typing is still negative:
- ________ (patient’s cells with patient’s serum) - remove cold autoantibody from serum
- the ______ can then be used to repeat the serum typing @ RT

A
  • Cold autoabsorption
  • absorbed serum
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55
Q

Group IV Discrepancies

problem:
- _______ - this happens to those blood types that have subgroups

resolution:
- _______ - produce small amount of Anti-H
- A2B & A2 - produce _____
- serum grouping can be repeated using at least 3 examples of _________(known reagent cells) and _________ control (patient’s serum mixed with patient’s rbcs)
- test patient’s rbc with ________ (lectin specific for A1 antigen)

A

problem:
- Unexpected ABO isoagglutinins

resolution:
- A1B & A1
- Anti-A1
- A1, A2, B cells ; O cells
- Autologous
- Dolichos biflorus

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56
Q

once the unexpected alloantibodies are identified, this should be used in the reverse grouping

A

reagent A1 and B cells that is negative for corresponding antigen

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57
Q

these are ABO water soluble substances found in saliva and other body fluids

A

ABH SECRETOR

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58
Q

Principle of detection in ABH secretor

A

based on agglutination inhibition/neutralization

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59
Q

secretor that produce A, B, H in secretions

A

SeSe and Sese

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60
Q

it is a non secretors; no A, B, H soluble substances found in secretions

A

sese

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61
Q

Glycoprotein
Type 1 precursor chain

A

B 1-3 linkage of D-galactose and N-acetylglucosamine

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62
Q

soluble substances in blood type A

A

A & H soluble substances

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63
Q

soluble substances in blood type B

A

B & H soluble substances

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64
Q

soluble substances in blood type AB

A

A, B, & H soluble substances

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65
Q

soluble substances in blood type O

A

H soluble substances

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66
Q

in agglutination inhibition/neutralization test, no agglutination means

A

positive

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67
Q

it has a lot of H antigens

A

O cells

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68
Q

it detects anti-IgG or anti-complement

A

AHG Testing (Coomb’s test)

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69
Q

reagent of AHG testing

A

Polyspecific AHG and Monospecific AHG

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70
Q

contain antibody to human IgG & C3d to component of human complement

A

Polyspecific AHG

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71
Q

in Polyspecific AHG, this complement may also be present

A

Anti-C3b

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72
Q

this type of reagent in coomb’s test can facilitate agglutination when RBCs have been sensitized with IgG or C3d or Both

A

Polyspecific AHG

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73
Q

commercially prepared polyspecific AHG contains antibody activity against ______

A

IgA and IgM HEAVY CHAINS

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74
Q

polyspecific mixture contains antibody activity to _____

A

KAPPA & LAMBDA LIGHT CHAINS

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75
Q

contains anti-IgG and anti-C3d (may contain other anticomplement and other anti-immunoglobulin antibodies)

A

Rabbit Polyclonal

76
Q

contains a blend of rabbit polyclonal antihuman IgG and Anti-C3d is a murine monoclonal IgM antibody

A

Rabbit/Murine Monoclonal Blend

77
Q

contain only one antibody specificity that is either anti-IgG or C3d/C3b

A

Monospecific AHG

78
Q

License monospecific reagents commonly used are:

A

Anti-IgG
Anti-C3d
Anti-C3b

79
Q

type of monospecific reagent that contains anti-IgG with no anticomplement activity

A

Anti-IgG (Rabbit Polyclonal)

80
Q

Murine monoclonal IgM antibody secreted by a hybridoma cell line

A

Anti-IgG (Gammaclone AHG)

81
Q

main component of Anti-complement (anti-C3d)

A

murine monoclonal antibody to C3d

82
Q

this will cause the agglutination of RBCs coated with human C3d and/or C3b complement components

83
Q

Oligosaccharide precursor chain Type 1

A

B 1,4 —> D-galactose, 4- N-acetylglucosamine (H gene)

84
Q

Oligosaccharide precursor chain Type 2

A

B 1,3 —> (Se gene)

85
Q

In agglutination inhibition test, saliva is mixed with antisera. To inactivate the enzymes, it must be heated at __________

A

56degC for 10 minutes

86
Q

these are diluted to prevent postzone

A

saliva and antisera

87
Q

It detects In Vivo sensitization of RBCs with IgG or complement components

A

Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)

88
Q

Detected by ONE-STAGE procedure

A

Direct Antiglobulin Test (DAT)

89
Q

Clinical application: HDFN
In vivo sensitization: _______

A

Maternal antibody coating fetal RBCs

90
Q

Clinical application: HTR
In vivo sensitization: ________

A

Recipient antibody coating donor RBCs

91
Q

Clinical application: AIHA
In vivo sensitization: _______

A

Autoantibody coating individual’s RBCs

92
Q

Detects In VITRO sensitization of RBCs with IgG or complement components

A

Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)

93
Q

Detected by TWO-STAGE procedure

A

Indirect Antiglobulin Test (IAT)

94
Q

Focus of antibody detection

A

determine the irregular or unexpected antibodies

95
Q

Primary important; produced in response to RBC stimulation through transfusion, transplantation or pregnancy
(ex. mother —> fetus)

A

Immune alloantibodies

96
Q

Form as a result of exposure to environmental sources, such as pollen, fungus, and bacteria, which have structure similar to some RBC antigens

A

Naturally occurring alloantibodies

97
Q

Antibodies produced in one individual and then transmitted to another individual via plasma-containing blood components or derivatives such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG)

via transfusion mechanism from one individual to you

A

Passively acquired antibodies

98
Q

Antibodies directed against antigens expressed on one’s own RBCs and generally react with all RBCs tested

own’s antibodies produced to target own red cell (antigen)

A

Autoantibodies

99
Q

Phase of antibody detection used to detect antibodies reacting at room temperature

A

Immediate Spin (IS) Phase

100
Q

Phase of antibody detection wherein IgG antibodies (if present in patient’s serum) will sensitize any reagent RBC that possess the target antigen

A

37 deg C Incubation Phase

101
Q

Phase of antibody detection that detects IgG or complement-sensitized RBCs; AHG reagent (Coomb’s serum)

102
Q

In phases of antibody detection, this may be added prior to incubation at 37degC to increase the degree of sensitization

A

Enhancement reagent

103
Q

AHG Phase Interpretation:

If the RBCs are coated with IgG antibodies, the ANTI-IgG ANTIBODY in the AHG reagent will create a bridge between sensitized reagent RBCs

A

Agglutination

104
Q

AHG Phase Interpretation:

If there are no antibodies directed against any of the antigens present on the reagent RBCs, the RBCs will not be sensitized

A

No agglutination

105
Q

RBC reagents source:

A

Group O individuals (Group O cells)
- Anti-A & Anti-B will not interfere with the detection to other blood group system

106
Q

Antibody detection screen cells

A

R1R1 & R2R2

or

R1R1, R2R2 & rr

107
Q

There should be ONE CELL that is POSITIVE for each of the following antigens:

D, C, c, E, e, K, k, Fya, Fyb, Jka, Jkb, Lea, Leb, P1, M, N, S, & s

Blood donor antibody screening is acceptable while patient antibody screening cannot be used

A

Pooled Reagent/Reagent Set

108
Q

Phase of antibody detection that reacts best at room temperature or lower; capable of causing agglutination of saline-suspended RBCs

Anti-N, Anti-I, Anti-P1

A

IgM Class
(Immediate spin / 37 degC or lower)

109
Q

Phases of antibody detection that reacts best at AHG Phase (warmer temperature @ 37 degC)

Anti-Rh, Anti-Kell, Anti-Duffy, Anti-S, Anti-s

A

IgG Class
(AHG Phase)

110
Q

Phases of antibody detection that reacts at 37 degC

Anti-Lewis, Anti-M

A

IgM or IgG
(37 deg C Incubation Phase)

111
Q

It is patient’s RBC tested against the patient’s serum (in the same manner as the antibody screen)

A

Autologous control

112
Q

(+) Antibody screen
(-) Autologous control

there is a presence of

A

ALLOANTIBODY

113
Q

(+) Autologous control

the _________ needs to be evaluated

A

Transfusion history (of the patient)

114
Q

If the patient has not been transfused within the last 3 months, Autologous control is POSITIVE, there is presence of __________ or ____________

A

AUTOANTIBODIES or ANTIBODIES TO MEDICATION

115
Q

A Positive autologous control and exhibits mixed-field appearance is caused by ________ coating the circulating donor of RBCs

A

ALLOANTIBODIES

116
Q

Screen cells (+); reacts at SAME PHASE & STRENGTH

A

Single Antibody Specificity

117
Q

Screen cells (+); reacts at DIFFERENT PHASES & STRENGTH (IS, 37degC, AHG)

A

Multiple Antibodies

118
Q

Screen cells (+)
Autocontrol/DAT (+)

A

Autoantibodies

119
Q

In the presence of complement anti-Lea, anti-Leb, anti-pp1pk, & anti-vel causes _________ hemolysis

120
Q

Complement associated with Mixed-field agglutination

A

Anti-Sda & Anti-Lua/b

121
Q
  • The appearance under the microscope appears “stack of coin”
  • Not a significant finding in antibody screening tests
  • Does not interfere with AHG Phase
  • Non-specific aggregation of RBCs (altered albumin-to-globulin ratio – MM or those who received high molecular weight plasma expanders [dextran])
A

Presence of Rouleaux

122
Q

This test is used in the following situations:
1. Detection of incomplete (non-agglutinating) antibodies to potential donor RBCs (compatibility testing) or to screening cells (antibody screen) in serum
2. Determination of RBC phenotype using known antisera (e.g., Weak D, any other antigen testing that requires this test)
3. Titration of incomplete antibodies

A

Indirect Antiglobulin Test

123
Q

Clinical application: Antibody Detection
Tests: a.) Compatibility testing
b.) Antibody Screening
In vitro sensitization: __________

A

a.) Recipient antibody reacting with donor cells
b.) Antibody reacting with screening cells

124
Q

Clinical application: Antibody Identification
Tests: Antibody Panel
In vitro sensitization: __________

A

Antibody reacting with panel cells

125
Q

Clinical application: Antibody Titration
Tests: Rh Antibody Titer
In vitro sensitization: __________

A

Antibody & Selected Rh cells

126
Q

Clinical application: RBC Phenotype
Tests: RBC antigen dectection (ex. Weak D, K, Fy)
In vitro sensitization: __________

A

Specific antisera + RBCs to detect antigen

127
Q

Clinically significant alloantibodies:

A
  • Causes low survival of RBCs possessing the target antigen
  • Typically IgG
  • React @: 37degC and/or AHG Phase of IAT
128
Q

Tasks and purposes of IAT task

A
  1. Incubate RBCs with antisera
  2. Perform a minimum of three saline washes
  3. Add antigloblulin reagent
  4. Centrifuge
  5. Examine for agglutination –> (+) agglutination; (-) no agglutination
  6. Grade agglutination reactions
  7. Add antibody-coated RBCs to negative reactions –> countercheck/control only
129
Q

REMEMBER THIS

A

If (+) screen cells (SC) –> ALLOANTIBODIES
If (+) AHG –> WARM REACTING / 37degC (IgG)
If (+) IS (immediate spin) –> COLD REACTING (IgM)

130
Q

Guidelines for Interpretation

Autocontrol
a.) Negative - ______
b.) Positive - _______

A

a.) ALLOANTIBODY
b.) AUTOANTIBODY

131
Q

Guidelines for Interpretation

Phases
a.) IS - _____
b.) 37degC - ________
c.) AHG - _______

A

a.) COLD ANTIBODY (IgM)
b.) COLD ANTIBODY (some have higher thermal range) or WARM ANTIBODY
c.) WARM ANTIBODY (IgG) clinically significant

132
Q

Guidelines for Interpretation

Reaction Strength
a.) 1 consistent strength - _______
b.) different strengths - _______

A

a.) ONE antibody
b.) MULTIPLE antibodies or DOSAGE

133
Q

Common Blood Group System with Antibodies that Exhibit Dosage

A
  1. Rh (except D)
  2. Kidd
  3. Duffy
  4. MNSs
  5. Lutheran
134
Q

Antibody Identification

Antibody Panel –> usually induces at least _____ panel cells
Panel cells –> ________

(+) - presence of antigen
(0) - absence of antigen

A

10 panel cells

panel cells –> Group O RBCs

135
Q

Autocontrol should also be run with ALL panels
Autocontrol = ________ + __________

A

Patient’s RBC + Patient’s Serum

136
Q

Perform Immediate Spin (IS)

A

–> grade agglutination
–> inspect for hemolysis

137
Q

Perform 37 degC Phase (LISS)

A

–> add 2 drops of LISS, mixed & incubate for 10-15 minutes
–> mix/centrifuge
–> check for agglutination

138
Q

Perform IAT (or AHG)

A

–> wash cells 3x with saline
–> add 2 drops of AHG
–> mix/centrifuge
–> check for agglutination

139
Q

COLD REACTING ANTIBODIES

A
  1. P, I, Lewis, MN
  2. Naturally Occurring
  3. Generally IgM
  4. Can’t cross placenta
  5. Reacts best @ RT
  6. Not significant in HTR
140
Q

WARM REACTING ANTIBODIES

A
  1. Kell, Kidd, Duffy, Ss
  2. Requires Exposure
  3. Generally IgG
  4. Can cross the placenta
  5. Reacts best at 37degC
  6. Significant in transfusion reactions
141
Q

Enzyme Classification

Enhance by ENZYME

A

ABO
Rh
Kidd
Lewis
I/I
P1

142
Q

Enzyme Classification

Destroyed/Inactivated by ENZYME

A

MNSs
Duffy
Xga

143
Q

Enzyme Classification

Not affected by ENZYME

144
Q

The most important of all blood groups in both transfusion and transplant medicine

A

ABO System

145
Q

Transfusion of an incompatible ABO type may result in:

A

Immediate lysis of donor RBCs

146
Q

A foundation on which all other pretransfusion testing is based

A

ABO incompatibility

147
Q

Most frequent cause of death in fiscal year (FY) 2015

A

Transfusion-related acute lung injury (TRALI)

148
Q

First individual to perform forward and reverse grouping

A

Karl Landsteiner

149
Q

Most frequently performed test in the blood bank

A

ABO Grouping

150
Q

Interpretation of Blood Group

Anti-A : 0
Anti-B : 0

A

Blood Group O

151
Q

Interpretation of Blood Group

Anti-A : 4+
Anti-B : 0

A

Blood Group A

152
Q

Interpretation of Blood Group

Anti-A : 0
Anti-B : 4+

A

Blood Group B

153
Q

Interpretation of Blood Group

Anti-A : 4+
Anti-B : 4+

A

Blood Group AB

154
Q

Interpretation of Blood Group

A1 Cells : 4+
B Cells : 4+

A

Blood Group O

155
Q

Interpretation of Blood Group

A1 Cells : 0
B Cells : 3+

A

Blood Group A

156
Q

Interpretation of Blood Group

A1 Cells : 3+
B Cells : 0

A

Blood Group B

157
Q

Interpretation of Blood Group

A1 Cells : 0
B Cells : 0

A

Blood Group AB

158
Q

Characteristics of Routine Reagents Used for ABO Testing

Forward Grouping
Anti-A Reagent

A
  1. Monoclonal antibody
  2. Highly specific
  3. IgM
  4. Clear blue-colored reagent
  5. Expected 3+ to 4+ reaction
  6. Usually use 1-2 drops
159
Q

Characteristics of Routine Reagents Used for ABO Testing

Forward Grouping
Anti-B Reagent

A
  1. Monoclonal antibody
  2. Highly specific
  3. IgM
  4. Clear yellow-colored reagent (contains an acriflavine dye)
  5. Expected 3+ to 4+ reaction
  6. Usually use 1-2 drops
160
Q

Characteristics of Routine Reagents Used for ABO Testing

Reverse Grouping
Reagent A1 and B Cells

A
  1. Human source
  2. 4%-5% RBC suspension
  3. Expected 2+ to 4+ reaction
  4. Usually use 1 drop
161
Q

Anti-A : 0
Anti-B : 0
Anti-AB: 0

A1 Cells : 4+
B Cells : 4+

A

Blood group O

162
Q

Anti-A : 4+
Anti-B : 0
Anti-AB: 4+

A1 Cells : 0
B Cells : 2+

A

Blood group A

163
Q

Anti-A : 0
Anti-B : 4+
Anti-AB: 4+

A1 Cells : 3+
B Cells : 0

A

Blood group B

164
Q

Anti-A : 3+
Anti-B : 3+
Anti-AB: 3+

A1 Cells : 0
B Cells : 0

A

Blood group AB

165
Q

If wrong ABO group is transfused, the ABO antibodies will cause ___________ resulting to patient death

A

rapid intravascular hemolysis

166
Q

Routinely used reagent for performing ABO confirmation of group O donor; more economical to use

A

Anti-A,B reagent

167
Q

Year the inheritance of the ABO blood group was first described

168
Q

Considered an amorph, as no detectable antigen is produced

169
Q

Three (3) separate loci

A

ABO, Hh, Se

170
Q

Has the same basic precursor material from which A, B, and H antigens all originate

A

Paragloboside or glycan

171
Q

Precursor structure on which A and B antigens are made

172
Q

Glucosyltransferases and Immunodominant Sugars Responsible for H, A, and B Antigen Specificities

H gene elicits the production of an enzyme called a-2-L-fucosyltransferase that transfers the sugar to ______

A

L-fucose to an oligosaccharide chain, terminal galactose of type 2 chains

173
Q

Sugars occupying the terminal positions of precursor chain and conferring blood group specificity are called

A

Immunodominant sugars

174
Q

Term used to refer to the phenotype that lacks normal expression of the ABH antigens

175
Q

Glucosyltransferases and Immunodominant Sugars Responsible for H, A, and B Antigen Specificities

A gene elicits the production of an enzyme called a-3-N-acetylgalactosaminyltranferase that transfers the sugar to ______

A

N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc); type 2

176
Q

Glucosyltransferases and Immunodominant Sugars Responsible for H, A, and B Antigen Specificities

B gene elicits the production of an enzyme called a-3-D-galactosyltransferase that transfers the sugar to ______

A

D-galactose (Gal); type 2

177
Q

Oligosaccharide chain, type 1 and 3 are primarily associated with

A

body secretions

178
Q

Oligosaccharide chain, type 2 and 4 are primarily associated with

A

red blood cell membrane

179
Q

Type of oligosaccharide chain that are more abundant and differ only in the linkage position of galactose (Gal) to N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc)

A

Type 1 and 2 chains

180
Q

Comparison of ABH Antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H Soluble Substances
ABH Antigens on RBCs

A
  1. RBC antigens can be glycolipids, glycoproteins or glycosphingolipids
  2. RBC antigens are synthesized only on type 2 precursor chains
  3. Type 2 chain refers to a beta 1–>4 linkage
  4. The enzyme produced by the H (FUT 1) gene (a-2-L-fucosyltransferase) acts primarily on type 2 chains, which are prevalent on the RBC membrane
181
Q

Comparison of ABH Antigens on RBCs with A, B, and H Soluble Substances
A, B, H Soluble Substances

A
  1. Secreted substances are glycoproteins
  2. Secreted substances are primarily synthesized on type 1 precursor chains
  3. Type 1 chain refers to a beta 1–>3 linkage
  4. The enzyme produced by the Se (FUT 2) gene (a-2-L-fucosyltransferase) preferentially acts on type 1 precursor chains in secretory tissues
182
Q

Anti-A + Saliva + A cells : 4+
Anti-B + Saliva + B cells : 4+
Anti-H + Saliva + O cells : 0

Interpretation:

A

Type O Secretor
- H soluble substances

183
Q

Anti-A + Saliva + A cells : 0
Anti-B + Saliva + B cells : 4+
Anti-H + Saliva + O cells : 0

Interpretation:

A

Type A Secretor
- A & H soluble subsances

184
Q

Anti-A + Saliva + A cells : 4+
Anti-B + Saliva + B cells : 0
Anti-H + Saliva + O cells : 0

Interpretation:

A

Type B Secretor
- B & H soluble secretor

185
Q

Anti-A + Saliva + A cells : 0
Anti-B + Saliva + B cells : 0
Anti-H + Saliva + O cells : 0

Interpretation:

A

Type AB Secretor
- A, B, H Soluble substances

186
Q

Fluid in which A, B, and H substances can be detected in secretors

A
  1. Saliva
  2. Tears
  3. Urine
  4. Digestive juices
  5. Bile
  6. Milk
  7. Amniotic fluid
  8. Pathological fluids: pleural, peritoneal, pericardial, ovarian cyst

MTAP 1 (3 decks)

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