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FOR BOJI > IMMUNOGLOBULIN > Flashcards

IMMUNOGLOBULIN Flashcards

1
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR IMMUNOGLOBULIN ?

A

ANTIBODIES

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2
Q

WHAT ARE ANTIBODIES ?

A

The antibodies are glycoprotein that have the ability and capacity to recognize foreign molecules on the surface of a pathogens. They are specific in nature.

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3
Q

DEFINE ANTIGENS

A

Antigens are macromolecules of protein, lipids and nucleoproteins with inherent ability to induce or elicit immunological response.

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4
Q

ANOTHER NAME FOR ANTIGEN

A

IMMUNOGEN

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5
Q

WHAT DETERMINES THE ANTIGENIC PROPERTIES ?

A

Their antigenic properties is based on their antigenic determinant called epitope.

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6
Q

WHAT IS THE ANTIGENIC DETERMINANT REGION OF AN ANTIGEN ?

A

Antigenic determinant region of an antigen is a region with 6-8 amino acid sequence.

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7
Q

WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT ANTIGENS ?

A

CARBOHYDRATES
PROTEINS
LIPIDS
NUCLEOPROTEINS

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8
Q

WHAT CAUSES THE PRODUCTION OF ANTIBODIES?

A

B cells produce antibodies in response to antigens

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9
Q

WHAT CAUSES EFFECTOR T CELLS ACTIVATION ?

A

ANTIGEN + T CELLS

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10
Q

HAPTEN CAN ELICIT IMMUNOLOGICAL REACTIONS. TRUE OR FALSE ?

A

FALSE.
Hapten binds to immunoglobulins but they cannot on their own elicit immunological reaction.

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11
Q

WHAT DOES ‘ANTIGENS ARE MULTIVALENT’ MEAN ?

A

they possess different antigenic determinant region on the surface of their molecules.

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12
Q

WHAT DISPLAYS HIGH LEVEL OF NON-OVERLAPPING AND OVERLAPPING DETERMINANTS ?

A

ANTIGEN

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13
Q

LIST THE MOLECULAR PROPERTIES OF ANTIGEN

A

MOLECULAR SIZE

RECOGNITION OF SELF OR FOREIGN

CHEMICAL COMPLEXITY

ROUTE OF ENTRY

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14
Q

EXPLAIN THE MOLECULAR PROPERTY OF ANTIGEN : MOLECULAR SIZE

A

Macromolecules are usually able to elicit immunological response, depending on the ability of the immune system to recognise an antigen of appropriate molecular size and structure

Most immunogens function within a least or minimum molecular size of 1000Da for them to be immunogenic.
Antigen with molecular size of 5000-10000Da are weakly immunogenic.
Antigen with molecular size above 10000Da are strongly immunogenic.

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15
Q

EXPLAIN THE MOLECULAR PROPERTY OF ANTIGEN : RECOGNITION OF SELF OR FOREIGN

A

This is the ability of human biological system to recognise self as non-immunogenic is acquired from the foetal life of development

NOTE: The greater the phylogenetic distance between two species, the higher the immunogenic ability.

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16
Q

EXPLAIN THE MOLECULAR PROPERTY OF ANTIGEN : CHEMICAL COMPLEXITY

A

The more complex a macromolecules, the higher its ability to induce an immunologic response.

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17
Q

EXPLAIN THE MOLECULAR PROPERTY OF ANTIGEN : ROUTE OF ENTRY

A

The gate of entry of the immunogen determines its immunological response.

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18
Q

WHAT ARE SUPERANTIGENS ?

A

These are group of antigens that do not follow the normal conventional mode of binding of antigen to T cell receptors.

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19
Q

WHAT OCCURS AS A RESULT OF THE NON-SPECIFIC BINDING NATURE OF SUPERANTIGENS ?

A

It causes a lympho-proliferative process and production of cytokines.

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20
Q

WHAT PATHOLOGICAL SYMPTOMS ACCOMPANY SUPERANTIGENS ?

A

fever, malaise and diarrhea.

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21
Q

WHAT ARE HAPTENS ?

A

Hapten is a molecular substance with a molecular weight less than 1000Da, incapable of eliciting immunonological response but can bind to pre-formed antibodies. They include amino acids, monosaccharide, penicillin and DNP.

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22
Q

WHAT MAKES UP ANTI-DNP ANTIBODIES ?

A

DNP + BSA

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23
Q

WHAT CHEMICALS ARE USED AS ADJUVANTS ?

A

ALUM (Aluminium Potassium Sulphate)

FREUNDS INCOMPLETE AND FREUNDS INCOMPLETE ADJUVANTS

ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE

ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE

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24
Q

WHAT ARE ADJUVANTS ?

A

Adjuvants are substance that are added to antigen to enhance its immunogenic properties without altering the molecular structure of the antigen.

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25
Q

WHAT ADJUVANTS ARE MOST COMMONLY USED IN HUMANS ?

A

ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE AND ALUMINIUM PHOSPHATE

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26
Q

DESCRIBE THE BASIC ANTIBODY STRUCTURE

A

The basic structure of antibodies is depicted as Y-structure consisting of four protein subunits.

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27
Q

THE STRUCTURE OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS IS DIVIDED INTO:

A

Heavy chains(H) and light(L) chains.

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28
Q

WHAT DO HEAVY AND LIGHT CHAINS WEIGH?

A

The heavy chains have a molecular weight of 50-75kDa. The light chains have a molecular mass of about 25kDa.

29
Q

WHAT ARE THE TWO TYPES OF LIGHT CHAINS ?

A

kappa(k)

lambda(A)

30
Q

WHAT WILL THE STRUCTURE OF A SINGULAR IMMUNOGLOBULIN CONTAIN ?

A

Two heavy chains and Two light chains

31
Q

WHAT LINKS THE HEAVY AND LIGHT CHAINS TOGETHER ?

A

Disulphide bridges.

32
Q

WHAT DO ANTIBODIES DO TO MOLECULES FOREIGN TO THE BODY ?

A

They bind with them.

33
Q

WHERE CAN MOLECULES FOREIGN TO THE BODY BE FOUND ?

A

On the surface of pathogens, or secreted as toxins by the pathogens

34
Q

WHAT IS THE NAME OF MOLECULES THAT ANTIBODIES BIND TO ?

A

ANTIGENS

35
Q

DOES THE ANTIBODY BIND TO THE WHOLE PATHOGEN OR JUST A PART OF THE ANTIGEN ?

A

Part of the Antigen

36
Q

WHAT IS THE PART OF THE ANTIGEN ANTIBODIES BIND TO ?

A

ANTIGENIC EPITOPE

37
Q

WHAT TYPE OF CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS OCCUR BETWEEN ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES ?

A

NON-COVALENT TYPE OF BONDING

38
Q

WHAT ARE EXAMPLES OF THE NON-COVALENT BONDING BETWEEN ANTIGENS AND ANTIBODIES ?

A

Van der waal forces
Hydrophobic interaction
Hydrogen bond
Electrostatic interaction.

39
Q

WHAT DOES THE AFFINITY OF AN ANTIBODY FOR AN ANTIGEN?

A

The strength with which the antigen-binding site of an antibody binds to an antigenic epitope.

40
Q

HOW MANY ANTIGEN BINDING SITES DO ANTIBODIES HAVE ?

A

At least two

41
Q

WHAT ARE ANTIGEN BINDING SITES MADE OF ?

A

Heavy chain/ Light chain pairs of polypeptides

42
Q

DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN AFFINITY OF BINDING AND AVIDITY OF BINDING.

A

Affinity of binding refers to the strength with which an individual binding site of an antibody binds its epitope while Avidity refers to the total binding strength when an antibody is using both binding sites to bind to two epitopes on the same particle( this increases the overall strength of the binding)

43
Q

HOW MANY CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES ARE THERE IN HUMANS ?
NAME THEM.

A

FIVE
IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD and IgE

44
Q

WHAT CLASSES OF ANTIBODIES HAVE SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT VARIATIONS ?
HOW MANY SUBCLASSES DO THEY HAVE?

A

IgA and IgG

IgA has two subclasses and IgG has four subclasses

45
Q

WHAT IS THE EARLIEST ANTIBODY TO BE PRODUCED AFTER CONTACT WITH AN ANTIGENIC PATHOGEN?

A

IgM

46
Q

DESCRIBE THE STRUCTURE OF THE IgM

A

It is a pentamer structurally with five Immunoglobulin’s molecules joined together by a disulphide bonds and an extra protein called J-chain.

47
Q

HOW DO THE H-CHAINS OF IgM DIFFER FROM THOSE OF IgG.

A

They have four constant domains instead of three

48
Q

WHAT IS THE ABUNDANCE OF IgM?

A

5-10%

49
Q

WHERE IS IgA FOUND IN ?

A

It is found in the serum and in various secretions such as mucus in the intestinal and respiratory tracts, saliva, sweat, breast milk and colostrum.

50
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF IgA IN SERUM ?

A

It has a basic 2 heavy + 2 light chain Immunoglobulin structure

51
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF IgA IN SECRETIONS ?

A

It consists of two Immunoglobulin molecule joined together by a J-chain and an additional protein called the secretory piece.

52
Q

WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE SECRETORY PIECE ?

A

The secretory piece helps the transport of IgA into secretions and also helps to protect the IgA from being broken down by proteolytic enzymes that are present in the bodily secretions.

53
Q

WHICH ANTIBODY IS THE LOWEST CONCENTRATION IN SERUM ?

A

IgE

54
Q

WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF IgE ?

A

It exists as a monomer consisting of the basic two heavy and two light chain Immunoglobulin structure.

55
Q

HOW MANY C-DOMAINS DOES IgE HAVE ?

A

Four

56
Q

WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF IgE ?

A

It is involved in asthma and allergic reactions in the body.

57
Q

WHAT ANTIBODY IS LOW IN BLOOD PLASMA ( < 0.1%)

A

IgD

58
Q

WHAT MAKES ANTIBODIES ?

A

PLASMA CELLS

59
Q

WHERE ARE PLASMA CELLS DERIVED FROM ?

A

They are derived from type of white blood cell called B- lymphocytes.

60
Q

WHERE ARE THE B-LYMPHOCYTES PRODUCED AND HOW ARE THEY CIRCULATED ?

A

The bone marrow and then circulate through the blood stream, spleen, lymph nodes and other lymphoid tissue.

61
Q

WHAT IS ANOTHER NAME FOR BRUTON DISEASE?

A

X-inked agammaglobulinemia

62
Q

WHAT IS BRUTON DISEASE ?

A

It is an inherited immunodeficiency disease caused by mutations in the gene coding for Bruton tyrosine kinase.

It is very rare disorders affecting males. Females may be carriers but have no clinical manifestations.

63
Q

WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BRUTON TYROSINE KINASE ?

A

It is essential to the maturation of pre-B cells to differentiating to mature B-cell.

64
Q

SYMPTOMS OF BRUTON DISEASE

A

recurrent infections
chronic rhinitis
growth chart may show evidence of failure to thrive.

65
Q

HOW TO MANAGE PATIENT WITH BRUTON DISEASE ?

A

To give them Intravenous Immunoglobulin.

66
Q

WHAT ARE THE CLINICAL CORRELATES OF IMMUNOGLOBULINS.

A

Bruton Disease.
Selective Immunoglobulin A Deficiency.
Dangerous blood transfusion reactions.

67
Q

WHAT IS SELECTIVE IMMMUNOGLOBULIN A DEFICIENCY

A

It is a genetically associated immunodeficiency which is a type of hypogammaglobulinemia.

People with this disease can not synthesize IgA which protect our genera mucous membranes of the respiratory system, gastrointestinal system. In about 80% of patient, it is asymptomatic.

68
Q

SYMPTOMS OF SELECTIVE IgA DEFICIENCY.

A

Sinupulmonary infections
Allergies
Autoimmune conditions

69
Q

TREATMENT OF SELECTIVE IgA DEFICIENCY.

A

Use antibiotics for the underlying infections.

FOR BOJI (2 decks)

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