Immunodeficiency Flashcards
List 3 primary immunodeficiencies of B cells
1) Primary agammaglobulinemia
2) Transient hypogammaglobulinemia
3) Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Primary agammaglobulinemia
Primary B cell deficiency in foals
B cells totally absent
Transient hypogammaglobulinemia
Foals do not make IgG until 2 mo (normal = 1 mo)
B cells and follicles present but IgM, IgG, and IgA are low
Common Variable Immunodeficiency
Primary B cell deficiency
Not detected until > 3 years
B cells and IgM/G/A are low, follicles are absent
Which dog breed is prone to IgA deficiencies?
German Shepard
Which animals are prone to IgG deficiencies?
Foals, dogs, and danish cattle
Which animals are prone to IgM deficiencies, and what are the signs?
Foals and dogs
Respiratory infections
How are Severe Combined Immunodeficiencies (SCID) treated?
Bone marrow transplants
What is the mechanism of SCID in foals?
5 bp mutation in DNA-pk, which prevents repairing cuts made by RAG1 and RAG2 at the J in VDJ
What are the 3 mechanisms of SCID in dogs, how do they affect B and T cells, and which breeds are prone to each?
1) DNA-PK (B-T-) = Jack Russell Terrier
2) RAG1 (B-T-) = Frisian Water Dog
3) X-linked SCID - Common IL-2 receptor y-chain (B+T+) = Bassett hounds and Cardigan Welsh Corgis
How does X-linked SCID work?
Defect to IL-2 y-chain affects IL-7R
IL-7R is unable to promote thymocyte growth
B cells are normal but T cells decline
Therefore only IgM made b/c no helper T cells around to induce class switching
Name 4 disorders of innate immunity
- Complement deficiency
- Canine cyclic neutropenia
- Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)
- Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Which dog breed commonly exhibits canine cyclic neutropenia?
Collies
What causes canine cyclic neutropenia?
Abnormalities in myeloid growth factor (for myeloid stem cells)
Which animals are prone to Leukocyte Adhesion Deficiency (LAD)?
Holestein calves and Irish Setter dogs
What causes LAD?
The intern Mac-1 fails to bind to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells.
Specifically, a mutation in Mac-1’s B-chain, CD18 (it’s alpha chain is CD11b)
Which animals are prone to Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Cattle, Persian cats, White tigers, and Killer whales
What causes Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?
Mutation in LYST that impairs lysosome-phagosome fusion
Name 2 Secondary Immunodeficiencies due to viral infections
- Canine distemper virus
2. Retroviruses
Which cells are affected by canine distemper virus and what are the consequences?
Helper T cells > cytotoxic T cells»_space; B cells
Bronchopneumonia
Encephalitis
a. non-suppurative encephalitis
b. demyelinating leukoencephalitis
How does FIV differ from HIV/SIV?
HIV/SIV target only helper T cells at their CD4
FIV initially targets helper T cells at CD134 [exclusive to activated]
Then transitions to cytotoxic T cells and B cells
