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Immunology > Immunodeficiency > Flashcards

Immunodeficiency Flashcards

1
Q

Where can immunodeficiency occur (2)?

A
  1. at the stem cells and precursors

2. along the maturation pathways

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2
Q

What is primary immunodeficiency?

A

Genetic defects

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3
Q

What is secondary immunodeficiency?

A

Acquired or physiologic

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4
Q

Why are dogs and cats less severely affected by failure of passive transfer than are ruminants, horses, and pigs?

A
  • Dogs and cats have an endothelial placenta so there is some IgG absorption in utero
  • ruminants have a syndesmochorial placenta and horses and pigs have an epitheiolchorial placenta, so there is no in utero IgG transfer
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5
Q

What are the relative concentrations of different Igs in ruminants and non-ruminants?

A

ruminants- IgG»>IgM>IgA

non-ruminants- IgA»>IgG>IgM

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6
Q

What is the relative amount of Ig in the colostrum, serum, and milk across all species?

A

Colostrum»>serum»>milk

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7
Q

what do we see as the immune system matures and is exposed to antigens (5)?

A
  1. Expansion of lymphocyte numbers
  2. Shift in lymphocyte subsets
  3. Increased abilityof cells to respond to cytokines and proliferation
  4. Shift in cytokine profile (Th2 to Th1)
  5. Increasing concentrations of Igs in serum and mucosal surfaces
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8
Q

What five things can occur when a fetus/newborn is exposed to BVDV?

A
  1. Early after conception- abortion
  2. Early development- tolerance and persistant infection
  3. Later in development- fetal malformations
  4. Late gestation- does not negatively impact fetus
  5. Exposed after birth- develop classic VD
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9
Q

Why would an early after conception BVDV infection lead to abortion?

A

Infections that stimulate Th1 often result in fetal compromise or loss

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10
Q

How is enough tolerance maintained during pregnancy to allow pregnancy to initiate and the fetus to survive?

A

Often unaffected due to a strong Th2 mediated and IL10 suppressive response in the uterus

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11
Q

What are examples of secondary immunodeficiency not yet discussed (6)?

A
  1. Age
  2. Medical immunosupression
  3. Virus induced immunodeficiency
  4. Cancer
  5. Stress
  6. Malnutrition
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12
Q

What are these substances needed for specifically in immune function?

  1. zinc
  2. copper
  3. selenium
  4. Vitamins A and E
A
  1. T cells
  2. neutrophils
  3. most immune cells
  4. lymphocytes and antioxidant function
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13
Q

Defects in neutrophil function are most associated with ________ infections.

A

Bacterial

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14
Q

Defects in T cell function are most associated with ________ infections.

A

Viral

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15
Q

Defects in B cell function are most associated with ________ infections.

A

both bacterial and viral as well as fungal- so all of them apparently

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16
Q

Leukocyte adhesion defect of dogs and cows (CLAD and BLAD) is a defect in what molecule?

A

CD18- loss of integrin function

17
Q

CD18 binds with what other subunits to form what?

A

CD11a/CD18- LFA-1
CD11b/CD18- Mac-1 (CR3)
CD11c/CD18- (CR4)

18
Q

SCID stands for what?

A

Severe combined immunodeficiency

19
Q

What breed of horses is this most commonly seen in?

A

Arabians

20
Q

Clinically, how does SCID present?

A

foal that is sick, usually presenting with a secondary bacterial pneumonia (can easily get secondary infections due to the lack of T and B cells)

21
Q

How is SCID diagnosed?

A

Lymphocyte count <1000/ul
Hypoplasia of primary and secondary lymphoid organs
Absence of IgM before nursing

22
Q

How does a defect in a DNA repair enzyme lead to lack of T and B cells?

A

Plays a key role in TCR and BCR rearrangement

23
Q

Selective IgA deficiency in dogs is most often seen in what breeds?

A

German Shepherds and Shar Peis

24
Q

IgA deficiency is associated with what clinical presentations?

A

Associated with pyoderma, atopy, and furunculosis (in German Shepherds), and SI bacterial overgrowth

25
Q

Degenerative IgG/ selective IgG deficiency is seen in what breeds?

A

Weimaraner dogs and Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (also red Danish cattle)

26
Q

Juvenile llama immunodeficiency most resembles what immunodeficiency?

A

SCID?- repeated opportunistic infections, T and B cell depletion, depressed lymphocyte responses, and low serum IgG

Immunology (8 decks)

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