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YEAR 5: Immunopathology > Immuno: Primary Immune Deficiencies 1 > Flashcards

Immuno: Primary Immune Deficiencies 1 Flashcards

1
Q

In which physiological states might you expect a relative degree of immunodeficiency?

A
  • Neonates
  • Elderly
  • Pregnancy
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2
Q

List some examples of secondary immunodeficiency.

A
  • Infection - HIV, measles
  • Biochemical disorders - malnutrition, zinc/iron deficiency, renal impairment
  • Malignancy - myeloma, leukaemia, lymphoma
  • Drugs - corticosteroids, cytotoxic
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3
Q

What are some major clinical features of immunodeficiency?

A
  • 2 major OR 1 major + recurrent minor infections in one year
  • Unusual organisms
  • Unusual sites
  • Unresponsive to treatment
  • Chronic infections
  • Early structural damage
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4
Q

List some features that may suggest primary immunodeficiency.

A
  • Family history
  • Young age at presentation
  • Failure to thrive
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5
Q

Broadly speaking, what are three mechanisms of phagocyte deficiency?

A
  • Failure to produce neutrophils
  • Defect of phagocyte migration
  • Failure of oxidative killing
  • Cytokine deficiency
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6
Q

Give three examples of failure of neutrophil production and outline their mechanism.

A

Reticular dysgenesis

  • Autosomal recessive severe SCID with no production of lymphoid or myeloid cells
  • Caused by failure of stem cells to differentiate along lymphoid or myeloid lineage

Kostmann syndrome

  • Autosomal recessive congenital neutropenia

Cyclic neutropaenia

  • Autosomal dominant episodic neutropaenia
  • Occurs every 4-6 weeks
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7
Q

Name a phagocyte deficiency caused by failure of phagocyte migration.

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency

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8
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of leucocyte adhesion deficiency.

A
  • Caused by deficiency of CD18
  • CD18 normally combined with CD11a to produce LFA-1
  • LFA-1 normally binds to ICAM-1 on endothelial cells to mediate neutrophil adhesions and transmigration
  • A lack of CD18 means a lack of LFA-1, so neutrophils cannot enter tissues
  • During an infection, neutrophils will be mobilised from the bone marrow (HIGH neutrophils in the blood) but they will not be able to cross into the site of infection (NO pus formation)
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9
Q

Name a phagocyte deficiency caused by failure of oxidative killing mechanisms.

A

Chronic granulomatous disease

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10
Q

Outline the pathophysiology of chronic granulomatous disease.

A
  • Absent respiratory burst (deficiency of components of NADPH oxidase leads to inability to generate oxygen free radicals)
  • Excessive inflammation (persistent neutrophils and macrophage accumulation with failure to degrade antigens)
  • Granuloma formation
  • Lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly
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11
Q

Describe the cytokine cycle between macrophages and T cells.

A
  • Macrophages produce IL12 which stimulates T cells, which then produce IFN-gamma
  • IFN-gamma acts back on the macrophages and stimulates the production of TNF-alpha and free radicals
  • Deficiencies in IL12, IL12R, IFN-gamma or IFN-gamma receptor can cause immunodeficiency
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12
Q

What type of infection do patients with IL12/IL12R or IFN-gamma/IFN-gamma receptor deficiencies tend to present with?

A

Organisms that infect macrophage (usually atypical mycobacteria)

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13
Q

Name and decribe the colour changes of two tests used to investigate chronic granulomatous disease.

A
  • Nitroblue Tetrazolium (NBT) - yellow to blue
  • Dihydrorhodamine (DHR) - fluorescent

NOTE: both of these tests are looking at the ability of neutrophils to produce hydrogen peroxide and oxidative stress

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14
Q

Which types of infection tend to occur in patients with phagocyte deficiency?

A
  • Recurrent skin and mouth infections
    • Bacteria - Staphylococcus aureus, enteric bacteria
    • Fungi - Candida albicans, Aspergillus fumigatus
  • Mycobacterial infections (particularly with IL12 deficiency)
    • TB, atypical mycobacteria
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15
Q

For each of the following diseasesm state the expected neutrophil count, leucocyte adhesion markers, NBT/DHR test and presence of pus:

  1. Kostmann syndrome
  2. Leucocyte adhesion deficiency
  3. Chronic granulomatous disease
  4. IL12/IFN-gamma deficiency
A
  1. Kostmann syndrome
    • Absent neutrophil count
    • Normal leucocyte adhesion markers
    • No neutrophils for NBT/DHR
    • No pus
  2. Leucocyte adhesion deficiency
    • High neutrophil count
    • Absent CD18
    • Normal NBT/DHR
    • No pus
  3. Chronic granulomatous disease
    • Normal neutrophil count
    • Normal leucocyte adhesion markers
    • Abnormal NBT/DHR
    • Pus present
  4. IL12/IFN-gamma deficiency
    • Normal neutrophil count
    • Normal leucocyte adhesion markers
    • Normal NBT/DHR
    • Pus present
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16
Q

Outline the treatment of phagocyte deficiencies.

A
  • Aggressive management of infection (infection prophylaxis and oral/IV antibiotics when needed)
  • Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
  • Specific treatment for chronic granulomatous disease (e.g. IFN-gamma therapy)
17
Q

What are the two different types of NK cell deficiency?

A
  • Classical NK deficiency - absence of NK cells in the peripheral blood
  • Functional NK deficiency - NK cells are present but function is abnormal
18
Q

What is the main risk associated with NK cell deficiency?

A

Increased risk of viral infections (e.g. HSV, CMV, EBV, VZV)

19
Q

Outline the treatment of NK cell deficiency.

A
  • Prophylactic antiviral drugs (e.g. aciclovir)
  • Cytokines (e.g. IFN-alpha to stimulate NK cytotoxic function)
  • Haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
20
Q

For each of the following conditions, state the stereotypical presentation:

  1. Kostmann syndrome
  2. Leucocyte adhesion deficiency
  3. Chronic granulomatous disease
  4. IFN-gamma receptor deficiency
  5. Classical NK cell deficiency
A
  1. Kostmann syndrome
    • Recurrent infections with NO neutrophils on FBC
  2. Leucocyte adhesion deficiency
    • Recurrent infections with HIGH neutrophils on FBC and no pus formation
  3. Chronic granulomatous disease
    • Recurrent infections with hepatosplenomegaly and abnormal DHR
  4. IFN-gamma receptor deficiency
    • Infection with atypical mycobacteria
    • Normal FBC
  5. Classical NK cell deficiency
    • Severe viral infections (e.g. chickenpox, disseminated CMV)
21
Q

What is factor H?

A

A control protein in the complment cascade

22
Q

What is the main clinical consequence of complement deficiency?

A

Increased susceptibility to infection by encapsulated bacteria

23
Q

Which encapsulated bacteria are particularly problematic in patients with complement deficiency?

A
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Haemophilius influenzae
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae

NOTE: susceptibility to N. meningitidis is particularly common in properidin and C5-9 deficiency

24
Q

What are the consequences of MBL deficiency?

A

Common but NOT associated with immunodeficiency

25
Q

Why are deficiencies in early classical complement pathway components associated with SLE?

A
  • The classical complement pathway promotes phagocyte-mediated clearance of apoptotic/necrotic cells
  • Deficiencies in this pathway lead to ineffective clearance of apoptotic/necrotic cells leading to an increase in self-antigens and, hence, autoantibodies
  • The classical complement pathway also promotes clearance of immune complexes
  • So, complement deficiency can lead to deposition of immune complexes which stimulate local inflammation in the skin, joints and kidneys
26
Q

List some different complement deficiencies and state which is most common.

A
  • C1q
  • C1r
  • C1s
  • C2 - MOST COMMON
  • C4
27
Q

Outline the clinical phenotype of complement deficiency.

A
  • Almost all patients with C2 deficiency have SLE
  • Usually have severe skin disease
  • Increased risk of infection
28
Q

How does SLE lead to a functional complement deficiency?

A
  • Active lupus causes persistent production of immune complexes
  • This leads to consumption of complement components leading to a functional complement deficiency
  • C3 and C4 will be low
29
Q

What are nephritic factors?

A
  • Autoantibodies that are directed against components of the complement pathway
  • They stabilise C3 convertases (break down C3) resulting in C3 activation and consumption
30
Q

What disease is associated with the presence of nephritic factors?

A
  • Glomerulonephritis (usually membranoproliferative)
  • It may also be associated with partial lipodystrophy
31
Q

Which complement componenets may be measured in assays and why?

A
  • C3 and C4 are measured routinely to monitor SLE (low in active lupus)
  • C1 esterase inhibitor - decreased in hereditary angio-oedema
32
Q

Name two functional complement assays and describe what they are testing.

A
  • CH50 - test of classical pathway (C1, 2, 4, 3, 5-9)
  • AP50 - test of the alternative pathway (B, D, Properidin, C3, C5-9)
33
Q

Outline the management of complement deficiencies.

A
  • Vaccination (especially against encapsulated organisms)
  • Prophylactic antibiotics
  • Treat infection aggressively
  • Screen family members
34
Q

Describe the stereotypical presentation of the following diseases:

  1. C1q deficiency
  2. C3 deficiency with nephritic factor
  3. C7 deficiency
  4. MBL deficiency
A
  1. C1q deficiency
    • Severe childhood-onset SLE with normal levels of C3 and C4
  2. C3 deficiency with nephritic factor
    • Membranoproliferative nephritis with abnormal fat distribution (partial lipodystrophy)
  3. C7 deficiency
    • Meningococcus meningitis with a family history of a sibling dying aged 6
  4. MBL deficiency
    • Recurrent infections when neutropaenic following chemotherapy, but previously well

YEAR 5: Immunopathology (12 decks)

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