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Inflammation (Phase II) > Immuno > Flashcards

Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

What part of the spleen is non-immunologic? Functions?

A

Red pulp; filter debris from blood, convert Hgb to bilirubin, reutilize Fe

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2
Q

What part of the spleen is immunologic? Where are T cells found? Where are B cells found?

A

White pulp; PALS around central arteriole; primary and secondary follicles

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3
Q

Main product of primary and secondary follicles (spleen)?

A

Antibodies, especially IgM

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4
Q

How do T cells acquire T cell receptor (TCR)?

A

In the thymus, by interacting with cortical thyme horses like thymosin, thymulin, and thymopoietin

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5
Q

Where are M cells found? What pathogen can transverse them? Where does it then reside?

A

Overlying Peyer’s Patches in intestine; Salmonella; macrophages

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6
Q

What recognizes LPS?

A

TLR-4

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7
Q

What pathogens possess double-stranded RNA?

A

Viruses (uniquely)

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8
Q

What do interferons do, broadly?

A

Confer resistance to adjacent, uninfected cells

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9
Q

What can NK cells do?

A

Target and kill virally infected and cancer cells

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10
Q

What cells display MHC I?

A

All nucleated cells in the body

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11
Q

What cytokines are seen early on during viral infection

A

IFN-a, IFN-b, TNF-a, IL-12

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12
Q

What 2 cellular changes elicit targeting from NK cells?

A

Loss of MHC I, over expression of stimulatory ligands

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13
Q

How do NK cells and CD8+ T cells provide “reciprocal coverage”?

A

NK cells target cells that stop expressing MHC I, whereas CD8+ cytotoxic T cells use MHC I to recognize epitopes

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14
Q

What interferons are anti-viral? What effect do they have?

A

Type I interferons: IFN-a and IFN-b; incr. expression of MHC class I

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15
Q

What interferons are anti-bacterial? What effect do they have?

A

Type II interferons: IFN-gamma (produced by leukocytes); incr. expression of MHC I and MHC II

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16
Q

Describe the interferon response to virally-infected cells

A

IFN-a and IFN-b: induce resistance to viral replication in cells, incr. expression of ligands for NK cell receptors, activate NK cells

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17
Q

IL-7 function

A

B cell survival

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18
Q

What is CD25? Where is it found and what is its function?

A

Surface molecule on T cells; double negative T cells; IL-2 receptor, important for development

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19
Q

What is CD3 responsible for?

A

Intracellualr signaling (on T cells); necessary for TCR to bind MHC (functional receptor includes TCR + CD3)

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20
Q

What is AIRE? What does it do?

A

AutoImmune REgulator transcription factor; forces extrathymic proteins to be expressed in the thymus so that T cells that react with self components with a high affinity will be deleted

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21
Q

Define toxoid

A

Inactivated toxin

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22
Q

What happens in the “dark zone” of the germinal center wishing secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Proliferation of B cells, somatic hypermutation

23
Q

What happens in the “basal light zone” of the germinal center wishing secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Positive selection for binding to antigen on follicular dendritic cells

24
Q

What happens in the “apical light zone” of the germinal center wishing secondary lymphoid tissues?

A

Production of memory B cells and plasma cell precursors, class switching

25
Q

Which immunoglobulins are polymers?

A

IgM (pentamer), IgA (dimer)

26
Q

Which complement proteins are not involve in the alternative pathway?

A

C1, C4

27
Q

IgG function

A

Most abundant, secondary response, IgG1 and IgG3 are cytophilic, classical complement activation, crosses placenta

28
Q

IgM function

A

Primary response, classic complement system, produced in blood borne infections

29
Q

IgA function

A

The secreted immuglobulin: present in tears, saliva, feces, breastmilk; functions in neutralization

30
Q

IgE function

A

Binds Fc receptor on Mast cells and basophils, atopic diseases (allergy and asthma), immunity to helminths

31
Q

Where is B7 found and what does it do?

A

Co-stimulatory molecule on dendritic cells binds CD28 on naive T cells for the 2nd step of activation

32
Q

Where is CD28 found and what does it do?

A

Co-stimulatory molecule on T cells binds B7 on dendritic cells for the 2nd step of activation (can also bind CD80, a member of B7 family)

33
Q

2 steps of T cell activation

A

1st: recognition of MHC-Ag complex by TLR
2nd: “co-stimulation” binding of dendritic B7 or CD80 to T cell CD28

34
Q

IL-2 function

A

“Drives T cell division” - IL-2 acts in an autocrine and paracrine fashion to incr. production of IL-2 and expression of IL-2 receptor (CD25); in addition activated T cells incr. the affinity of their IL-2 receptors

35
Q

Th1 cell responsibilities

A

Make macrophages better killers via IFN-gamma (also secrete IL-2), produce opsonizing Ab such as IgG, “intracellular killers” of intracellular bacteria and viruses, and a smaller role in B cell activation

36
Q

Th2 cell responsibilities

A

Help B cells make Ab (via IL-4 and IL-5) by expressing CD40 in response to antigen recognition, which binds CD40 on B cells, causing proliferation and differentiation into plasma cells (also induce mast cells and basophils = allergy connection)

37
Q

Describe reciprocal inhibition by Th cells

A

Th1 secretes IFN-gamma which inhibits Th2 cells; Th2 cells produce IL-10 which inhibits production of IFN-gamma by Th1 cells

38
Q

Which cytokines are classified as lymphotoxins? What cells produce lymphotoxins? What is their effect?

A

LT, TNF-b; Th1 and CTL cells; activation and induction of NO production in macrophages

39
Q

IL-3 function

A

Growth factor for progenitor hematopoietic cells

40
Q

GM-CSF function

A

Incr. production of granulocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells

41
Q

What type of T cell retains its memory better?

A

CD8+ cytotoxic T cells

42
Q

Th1 cell cytokine profile

A

IFN-gamma, IL-2, IL-3, TNF-a, TNF-b, GM-CSF, LT

43
Q

Th2 cytokine profile

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-10, IL-13, TGF-b

44
Q

Cytotoxic T cell cytokines profile

A

LT, IFN-gamma

45
Q

What cells display MHC class II?

A

Macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and epithelial cells of the thymus

46
Q

Describe the structure of MHC class I

A

Homotrimer (3 alpha chains) with beta-2 microglobulin attached for stability

47
Q

Describe the structure of MHC class II

A

Heterodimer (alpha and beta chains)

48
Q

TAP function

A

Allows cytoplasmic antigens into the ER so they can be loaded onto MHCI

49
Q

What MHC type presents cytosolic antigens?

A

MHC class I (remember association with viruses)

50
Q

What MHC type presents phagocytosed antigens?

A

MHC class II

51
Q

What MHC type presents antigens ingested by receptor-mediated endocytosis (e.g. by B cells)?

A

MHC class II

52
Q

Name a virus that attacks TAP

A

HSV-1

53
Q

CLIP function

A

Stabilize MHCII and prevent binding of “wrong” peptide

54
Q

HLA-DM function

A

Facilitate swap of CLIP for antigen on MHCII

Inflammation (Phase II) (4 decks)

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