Immuno 15 Flashcards
What is variolation?
Term for delivery of initial smallpox vaccine either transnasally or intradermally
What is vaccinia?
Another name for the virus used to vaccinate against smallpox
What are attenuated vaccines?
Any vaccine protocol that employs “weakened”pathogens as the immunogen.
What is a subunit vaccine?
Vaccines that employ only part of the pathogen as the vaccine immunogen
What is a toxoid?
An inactivated toxin used as a vaccine immunogen whose toxic activity has been destroyed
What three things can bacterial vaccines be composed of?
Whole bacteria, secreted toxins, or polysaccharide capsule material
What is the DTP vaccine?
A combo against whooping cough (bordetella pertussis), diptheria, and tetanus
What are most anti-viral vaccines?
Live-attenuated vaccines, including the measles,mumps,Sabin polio, and yellow fever
What is an adjuvant?
Any substance that enhances immunogenicity of an antigen.
What are various ways that adjuvants work?
They may increase the length of exposure by slowly releasing the antigen
Adjuvants turn a soluble protein antigen into a particulate antigen, which is more readily ingested by APCs.
Cause inflammation, leading to increased uptake
What are liposomes?
Highly stable closed vesicles formed by a single bilayer of phospholipids that deliver immunogens into cytoplasms of host cells
What type of vaccine is typically delivered by liposomes?
Subunit vaccines
Describe attenuation of viruses in non-human origin.
The virus replicates in non-human cells, with mutant viruses being positively selected for growth in the non-human organism. These cells are typically attenuated of their ability to cause infection in human cells.
Describe attenuation via recombinant DNA
the virulence genes of a particular virus can be deleted or mutated, rendering the virus unable to cause disease
Why are attenuated viruses not always safe?
Because they are similar to the pathogenic virus, they can revert to the pathogenic strain at times.
