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Spring Pharm Block 1 > Immunizations > Flashcards

Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

Differentiate between antibiotics, adjunctive medications, antiretrovirals, and vaccinations.

A

Abx: cure disease
Adjunctive: alleviate symptoms
Antiretrovirals: arrest disease progression
Vaccinations: prevent disease

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2
Q

What was the first disease eradicated from Earth and what is the next closest?

A

Small Pox –> Pollio is next closest

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3
Q

What are the two main branches of the immune system?

A

Humoral and Cell-Mediated

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4
Q

T/F: The two branches of the immune system operate independently of one another.

A

False: Neither system can function without cytokine-mediated communication with the other system

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5
Q

What is the humoral immune system’s name derived from?

A

Humoral = “of the fluids” in Latin –> immunity found within serum

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6
Q

What cells mediate activity of the humoral immune system?

A

B lymphocytes –> aka B-cells or Plasma Cells

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7
Q

Humoral immunity is most affective against what pathogens and why?

A

Bacteria and fungi b/c they multiply extracellularly

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8
Q

How do B-cells mediate humoral immunity?

A

The differentiate and produce antibodies in response to antigenic stimuli

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9
Q

Describe the function of an antibody.

A

They label antigens and target them for destruction by macrophages

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10
Q

How does the humoral immune system produce a quicker response on subsequent exposures?

A

Some B-cells differentiate into memory cells which quickly produce antibodies on subsequent exposures

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11
Q

Cell mediated immunity is most affective against which pathogens and why?

A

Viruses and atypical bacteria b/c they replicate inside the cells

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12
Q

What cells mediate activity of the cell mediated immune system?

A

T-Lymphocytes –> aka T-cells, CD4 cells, Helper cells

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13
Q

Cells of which immune system are attacked by HIV?

A

T-lymphocytes (CD4 specifically)

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14
Q

How do T cells mediate cell immunity?

A

T cells differentiate and recruit killer CD8 cells which destroy infected cells

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15
Q

How does the cell-mediated immune system produce a quicker response on subsequent exposures?

A

Some T cells differentiate into memory cells allowing for a more rapid response to subsequent exposures

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16
Q

What are the two basic forms of immunization?

A

Active and passive

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17
Q

T/F: Antibodies are made primarily of carbohydrate chains.

A

False: Antibodies are proteins

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18
Q

Compare the half life of antibodies with the half life of memory cells.

A

AB half life of 3 - 4 weeks

Memory cells half life of 6 months to 1 year

19
Q

Define active immunity.

A

Person exposed to actual antigenic material (infection or vax) and produce their own antibodies as well as memory cells for response to subsequent exposures

20
Q

Define passive immunity.

A

Person is administered antibodies to an actual infection –> no self antibodies or memory cells are made.

21
Q

What are three broad sources of antibodies that would be administered as part of passive immunity?

A

People, Labs, Animals (Horses for ex.)

22
Q

Compare and contrast the efficacy of active and passive immunity.

A

Active immunity has a slow onset (infection on first exposure) with a duration of several years. Passive immunity has an immediate onset with a duration of 3 to 4 weeks.

23
Q

Does tetanus vaccine provide active or passive immunity?

A

Both –> Abs protect from immediate infection and immunization provides long term protection

24
Q

List the types of immunity from best to worst.

A 
Infection
Live Immunization
Whole Killed Immunization
Split Killed/Conjugated Immunization
Toxoid
25
Q

Describe what is meant by live attenuated vaccine.

A

Live pathogen particles that have been attenuated by heat or chemical treatment and are no longer virulent but will impart immunity.

26
Q

What is the prototype live attenuated vaccine?

A

MMR

27
Q

What is the disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?

A

Risk of infection

They have a lot of contraindications –> HIV, pregnant, people on steroids, etc.

28
Q

Describe what is meant by a killed vaccine?

A

Whole or split pathogen that has been chemically or thermally inactivated.

29
Q

What is the prototype killed vaccine?

A

Influenza

30
Q

Define a polysaccharide vaccine.

A

Killed vaccines that are composed of outer protein components of the pathogen instead of the whole pathogen

31
Q

Describe a disadvantage of polysaccharide vaccines.

A

Unless conjugated, the vaccine will not illicit response in children < 2

32
Q

Define a conjugated vaccine.

A

Adding a big protein to the small piece of the pathogen

33
Q

Define a toxoid vaccine.

A

Inactivated vaccines that are made of the toxin the pathogen produces rather than the pathogen itself.

34
Q

What is the disadvantage of a toxoid vaccine.

A

Poor immune response –> requires boosters

35
Q

Give an example of a toxoid vaccine.

A

Tetanus

36
Q

Define immunoglobulin vaccine.

A

Antibodies derived from pooled sources (horses, ex.)

37
Q

List six live vaccines.

A

MMR
Varicella
Zoster/Zostavax –> been replaced by Shingrix (killed vax)
Intranasal influenza
Oral typhoid
Oral Pollio Virus –> no longer used in US

38
Q

What is unique about the Shingrix vaccine?

A

It is the first time a killed vaccine outperformed the live version

39
Q

What are the 5 types of COVID vaccines that have been developed or are in development.

A 
Inactivated
Live attenuated
Protein subunit (piece of the virus)
Viral vector
Nucleic Acid Analogues
40
Q

Describe a viral vector vaccine.

A

DNA that encodes for COVID protein hidden inside a harmless virus (adenovirus)

41
Q

Both COVID vaccines on the market now (Moderna and Pfizer) are what type of vaccines?

A

mRNA wrapped in lipids –> the mRNA gives cells the code to make the spike protein.

42
Q

What is a disadvantage of the COVID mRNA vaccine?

A

mRNA is very unstable –> it must be kept cold

43
Q

Is the mRNA vaccine better than a vaccine that gives the spike protein directly? Why or why not?

A

mRNA is better b/c the body can make more spike proteins than what can be manufactured in a lab.

Spring Pharm Block 1 (9 decks)

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