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BCACP Flash Cards > Immunizations > Flashcards

Immunizations Flashcards

1
Q

Antigen

A

A Live or Inactivated Substance Capable of Producing an Immune Response

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2
Q

Antibody

A

Protein Molecules Produced by B Lymphocytes to Help Eliminate an Antigen

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3
Q

Passive Immunity

A

The transfer of one person’s immunity to another (mother to child/infant through placenta or breast milk)

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4
Q

Active Immunity

A

The Stimulation of the Immune system to produce an antigen-specific antibody
Usually permanent
Methods: Survive infection: memory B cells remember the antigen and when exposed again , replicate and produce antibodies
vaccination: The injection of a small amount of antigen to produce an immune reponse.

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5
Q

Live Attenuated Vaccine Definition

A

Immune reponse is similar to natural infection, apparent after first dose for most people, can cause mild sx of disease, CI for immunosupressed, pregnancy, children under 1 y/o

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6
Q

List of Live Attenuated Vaccines

A

MMR, Vaccinia, Varicella, Zoster, Yellow Fever, Rotavirus, Intranasal Influenza, Oral Polio, Oral Typhoid

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7
Q

Inactivated Vaccine Definition

A

Contains Virus that has been inactivated by heat or chemicals, not alive therefore can not replicate, usually requires several doses,

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8
Q

Polysaccharide Vaccine Definition

A

Inactivated Vaccine that contains long chains of sugar molecules that make up the surface capsule protein of the bacteria.

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9
Q

Pure Polysaccharide Vaccines

A

Immune response does not require T-cells and is mediated through Be cells. Children under 2 are unable to form an immune response by this method.

Types of Vaccines
Pneumococcal (PPSV23)
Meningococcal (MPSV4)
Salmonella Tphi (vi)

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10
Q

Conjugate polysaccharide Vaccines

A 
A polysaccharide vaccine that has an added protein which changes it to a T-cell mediated response. Now children under 2 y/o can form an immune response. 
Types of vaccines:
Hib
Pneumococcal (PCV13)
Meningococcal (MCV4)
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11
Q

Inactivated Vaccine Definition

A

Contains Virus that has been inactivated by heat or chemicals, not alive therefore can not replicate, usually requires several doses,

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12
Q

How long must you wait between a live vaccine and giving circulating antibodies?

A

At least 2 weeks, however if antibody is given first must wait 3 months before administering vaccine.

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13
Q

Pure Polysaccharide Vaccines

A

Immune response does not require T-cells and is mediated through Be cells. Children under 2 are unable to form an immune response by this method.

Types of Vaccines
Pneumococcal (PPSV23)
Meningococcal (MPSV4)
Salmonella Tphi (vi)

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14
Q

If a live attenuated vaccine is not given at the same visit, how many weeks must it be separated by?

A

4 weeks (this does not apply to oral live attenuated vaccines)

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15
Q

Does increasing the interval between vaccine doses diminish the effectiveness?

A

No, but decreasing the interval b/t doses can decrease effectiveness.

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16
Q

True or False…Vaccines should not be given earlier than the minimum age requirement for the vaccine.

A

True: However an exception would be during a measles outbreak a MMR vaccine may be given before 12 months, but this dose would not count toward the series.

17
Q

True or False..There is clinical data to support High Dose inactivated influenza vaccine vs. the TIV in the elderly population.

A

False..The CDC does not give preference due to lack of strong evidence.

18
Q

Influenza Vaccine

A

All individuals over 6 months old should get influenza vaccine.

All children 6 months to 8 years who are receiving their first influenza vaccine should receive a total of two doses, at least 4 weeks apart.

19
Q

Pneumonia Vaccine

A

PCV13: All children younger than 2 years, series of four doses, given at 2, 4, 6, and 12-15 months.

PPSV23: All patients 65 y/o and older
People 19-65 with asthma, cigarette smokers
People 2-64 with chronic illness, anatomic or functional asplenia, immunocompromised, HIV, environmental settings, cochlear implant

No person should receive revaccination more than once.

20
Q

Meningococcal Vaccine

A

Inactivated; IM injection, two dose series, minimal interval between dose is 8 weeks.

MPSV4 (polysaccride) not as effective as the MCV4 (conjugate vaccine)
MCV4- patients 2-55
MPSV4- patients over 55 y/o

Recommendations:
All children age 11-12, booster at 16 y/o
if first dose given over 16, booster is not necessary

Individuals 2-54 at increased risk of menigococcal disease. (ie military, traveling to countries with epidemics, aslpenia)

21
Q

Varicella Vaccine

A

Live attenuated, administered sub-Q, 2 dose series. First dose should be given at 12-15 months of age, then second dose at 4-6 months of age. However 2nd dose can be given as soon as 3 months after the first dose.

Patients older than 13 y/o can be given two dose series separated by 4 weeks.

Patients born before 1980 are considered immune.

Postexposure Prophylaxis: Can be 70-100% effective if given within 3 days of exposure to varicella virus.

22
Q

Herpes Zoster Vaccine

A

Live attenuated, administered sub-q, same antigen as varicella vaccine however at a much higher dose. The vaccine can decrease the incidence of herpes zoster infections by 50%. More effective at 50-59 y/o and efficacy decreases with age.

23
Q

True or False..All individuals 60 years of age or older regardless of their history of chickenpox or herpes zoster should be given the Herpes Zoster Vaccine.

A

True (is approved in >50 y/o now, however CDC has not yet changed the recommendation)

24
Q

TdaP, TD, DPT, etc.

A

Inactivated Vaccine, no single agent available.

Pertussis is found in acellular form b/c whole cell vaccine was associated with severe ADRs.

Recommendations:
Children, birth to 6 years: Total of 5 doses of DTaP
2, 4, 6, and 15-18 months

Adolescents 11-2, once dose of Tdap

Adults 18 y/o and older
One dose of Tdap then TD every 10 years

Pregnant Women
one dose of Tdap with each pregnancy regardless of Tdap/Td history, preferably after 20 weeks gestation

Adults >65 y/o one dose of Tdap then Td every 10 years.

25
Q

MMR Vaccine

A

Live Attenuated, Sub-Q Vaccine
Almost all patients have immune reponse after first dose, but up to 2-5% may not respond. Thus it is a 2 dose series. First dose given at 12 months or older, 2nd dose is usually given at age 4-6 but can be given as soon as 28 days after the first dose if needed. Adults born before 1957 are considered immune, otherwise need 1 dose if not given childhood series.

26
Q

Hepatitis A Vaccine

A

Inactivated, whole cell virus vaccine. HAVRIX and VAQTA are brand names, no preference for which one, VAQTA is preservative free. Both are in peds and adult strengths. Seroconversion is 100% after two doses.

Since 2005, all children have been vaccinated 12-23 months of age.

Catch up for Travelers, illicit drug users, chronic liver disease, people who work with hepatitis A-infected animals.

27
Q

Hepatitis B Vaccine

A

Recombinant, inactive vaccine. 3 dose series. At birth, 1-2 months, and 6-18 months.

High risk adults if not vaccinated as children. (DM, MSM, health care workers, traverls, HIV patients, etc.

28
Q

Hib Vaccine

A

Polysaccharide-protein conjugate vaccine, approved for use in children 6 weeks and older, clinical efficacy has been shown to be 95-100% after 2-3 doses.

PRP-T (conjugated to tetanus toxoid) series of 3 doses at 2, 4, 6, one booster dose at 12-15 months.

PRP-OMP series of two doses at 2 and 4 months, one booster dose at 12-15 months.

29
Q

Polio Vaccine

A

Oral Vaccine (Live attenuated vaccine) No longer used in US d/t limited cases of vaccine-associated paralytic poliomyelitis.

Inactivated Poliovirus Vaccine (IPV)- Sub-Q

  • Vaccinate all children starting at age 2 months
  • Series of four doses given at 2, 4, 6-18 months, and 4-6 years.
30
Q

Rotavirus Vaccine

A

Live Oral Vaccine
(RV5) RotaTeq- 5 strains of rotavirus suspended in a buffer solution. Total of 3 doses

RV1 (Rotarix)- 1 strain of rotavirus, total of 2 doses. (2 months and 4 months) Must be completed by 24 weeks.

Virus can shed in feces for 15 days after administration. (2, 4, and 6 months) Must be completed by 32 weeks.

ACIP had no preference for one vaccine over the other. There should be at least 4 weeks b/t each dose.

31
Q

Rotavirus Vaccine

A

TBD

BCACP Flash Cards (9 decks)

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