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BIO 4650 Final > Immunity to Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Immunity to Infectious Disease Flashcards

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1
Q

The innate immune system includes

A
  1. Anatomical barriers against infection (physical and chemical)
  2. Cellular responses
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2
Q

Entry point and immune tools

A
  • The entry site and location of an infectious agent will determine which immune tools are available and best suited for pathogen detection and elimination
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3
Q

Mucosal are controlled by

A

Th2

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4
Q

Tetanus (extracellular)

A
  • Th17 cells
  • IgM
  • IgG
  • phagocytic cells
  • neutrophils
  • macrophages
  • neutralization
  • opsonization
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5
Q

Mucosal Pathogens (intracellular bacteria)

A
  • MALT B and T cells
  • Mast cells with IgE
  • IgA neutralize pathogen by binding and inhibiting surface attachment
  • macrophages
  • complement
  • IL-13, IL-4, and IL-5
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6
Q

IL-13

A

induces epithelial cell repair and mucus

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7
Q

IL-5

A

activates and recruits eosinophils

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8
Q

IL-4 and IL-13

A

recruit and activate M2 macrophages

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9
Q

Extracellular Pathogens are derives from

A

Tfh, Th17 and Th2

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10
Q

Extracellular Pathogens

A
  • B cells
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • Phagocytic cells
  • Antimicrobial componuds
  • Complement
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11
Q

IL-17

A

induce the production of antimicrobial peptides by epithelial cells

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12
Q

Intracellular pathogen requires a strong

A

Th1 pathway response

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13
Q

Intracellular pathogens

A
  • when pathogen is in intracellular vesicles, activates PRRs and certain TLRs
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14
Q

FasL

A

induce apoptosis of bacteria-laden macrophages

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15
Q

IL-2

A

acts on naive CD4 and CD8 T cells

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16
Q

IL-3

A

Production of monocytes

17
Q

TNF-a

A

Acts on local blood vessels

18
Q

The response by the immune system to a pathogen is determines by

A
  1. the nature of the pathogen

2. the environment in which the pathogen is encountered

19
Q

Viruses enter

A

through a cell surface receptor

20
Q

Viruses once they get inside the cell

A
  • replication can occur
  • Error prone, leading to mutations
  • influenza
21
Q

During viral replication

A
  • trigger humoral and cell mediated adaptive immunity mechanisms
22
Q

Antiviral immunity

A
  • prevented by physical and chemical barriers
  • if penetrated, intrinsic or innate defenses come into play
  • in order to clear viral infection that escape innate defenses, the acquired/adaptive immune defenses are activated
23
Q

Viral infections: Innate immune response

A
  • Complement, antimicrobial peptides, recognition of PAMPs
  • PRRs induce type 1 interferon
  • Type 1 interferons bind to IFN receptors and activate antiviral activity
24
Q

Viral infection: Humoral immunity

A
  • Antibody protection can foster opsonization, complement activation, phagocytosis
  • Ab can’t target cells where viral genomes have integrated into host cell chromosomes
25
Q

Viral Infection: Cell-mediated

A
  • CD4+ helper T cells secrete cytokines that promote antiviral activity
  • IFN-g directly induces an antiviral state in adjacent cells
  • IL-2 indirectly assists via promotion of CTL differentiation
  • CD8+ CTLs actively find and destroy virally infected host cells
26
Q

Immune Evasion Strategies by virus

A
  • Rapid mutation
  • Latency and molecular mimicry
  • inactivating cytokine signals
  • inactivating immune cells
  • blocking cellular pathways
  • Viruses employ several different strategies to evade host defense mechanism
27
Q

Hepatits C

A

overcomes interferon antiviral effects by blocking/inhibiting PKR

28
Q

HSV

A

inhibits TAP activity effectively shutting down MHC class I presentation to CD8+ T cells

29
Q

Measles virus/ HIV

A

inhibit MHC class II expression and presentation to helper T cells

30
Q

EBV and HIV

A

Can cause immunosuppresion

31
Q

Influenza and HIV

A

constantly change their surface Ag

32
Q

Immunity to extracellular bacteria

A
  • Ab provers effective mechanisms for elimination
33
Q

Immunity for intracellular bacteria

A

Ab aren’t as affected

  • Can activate NK cells and macrophages for clearance
  • Ultimate effect is Th1-type DTH response
34
Q

Immune evasions strategies by bacteria

A
  • attachment to host cell
  • proliferation
  • invasion of host tissue
  • toxin-induced damage to host cells
35
Q

Parasitic infections

A
  • account for enormous disease burden worldwide, especially in developing countries
  • protozoans and metazoans
  • complicated life cycle of parasites
36
Q

Malaria

A
  • Life cycle moves through liver/ RBCs
  • Maturational changed allow Ag shifting
  • intracellular phases resist Ab-based responses
  • short blood circulation time of free parasite stage prevents effective immune stimulation
37
Q

African sleeping sickness

A
  • Moves from blood to central nervous system
  • caused by two trypanosome species transmitted by tsetse fly bites
  • protozoans differentiates and divides every 6 hours in blood
38
Q

Leichmaniasis

A
  • Lives in macrophage phagosomes
  • localized cutaneous self-resolving lesion
  • systemic visceral leishmaniasis
  • resistance is mediated by an effective Th1 response and IFN-g secretion
39
Q

Metazoan parasites

A
  • Helminths
  • ## Dont replicate in host

BIO 4650 Final (3 decks)

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