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ebme 201 > immunity (quiz 9) > Flashcards

immunity (quiz 9) Flashcards

1
Q

1st step of immune response

A

neutrophils and macrophages recognize PAMPs on foreign bodies via PRR

invaders are destroyed by phagocytosis or inflammation

upon failure, adaptive immune system is “recruited”

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2
Q

2nd step of immune response

A

DCs take up antigen and bring to lymph nodes for presentation to adaptive immune system

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3
Q

3rd step of immune response

A

DCs present antigen to T-cells

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4
Q

4th step of immune response

A

T/B-cells leave lymph nodes and travel to infection sites

CD8 T-cells go kill

CD4 T-cells prime more T/B-cells for immune response

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5
Q

PAMP

A
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6
Q

PRR

A
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7
Q

DC

A
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8
Q

MHC Class 1

A

CD8; cytotoxic T-cells

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9
Q

MHC Class II

A

CD4; helper T-cells

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10
Q

Post-infection

A

Regulatory T-cells and suppressive cytokines stop inflammation and immune response

Memory T/B-cells are created (adaptive immunity)

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11
Q

“hot” tumor

A

immune cells recognize tumor as enemy; eliminates

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12
Q

“cold” tumor

A

immune cells do not recognize tumor; allows for tumor growth

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13
Q

cold immunotherapy

A

adoptive t-cell transfer, boosting immune response, vaccines

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14
Q

step 1 of immunoediting

A

tumor becomes invisible;
MHC class I goes down,
co stimulatory molecules decrease

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15
Q

step 2 of immunoediting

A

cancer cells resist apoptosis;
anti-apoptotic proteins (Bcl-2) raise
P53 lowers
Fas lowers

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16
Q

step 3 of immunoediting

A

begin to kill immune cells;
fasL goes up
TRAIL goes up

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17
Q

step 4 of immunoediting

A

suppresses immune sys;
secretes variety of different factors
exploits immune checkpoints

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18
Q

step 5 of immunoediting

A

sabotages immune cells to work for the tumor;
secretes regulatory T-cells
MDSC
M2/N2
IDO

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19
Q

Possible mechanisms to cure cancer

A

Vaccines
Adoptive t-cell transfer
Blocking immuno suppression
(VAB)

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20
Q

blocking immunosuppression

A

anti-CTLA-4
anti-PD-1

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21
Q

function of CTLA-4

A

allows t-cell binding to dendritic/B-cells

22
Q

function of PD-1

A

allows tumor to bind with effector T-cells (CD8)

23
Q

process of blocking immunosuppression

A
  1. APC containing TAA > lymph node
  2. T-cells are primed with TAA
  3. T-cells migrate to cancerous tissue, destroy it

*approved w melanoma

24
Q

T-cell transfer (autologous)

A
  1. part of tumor is removed
  2. TIL are isolated and grown
  3. TILs are infused with IL-2
25
Q

T-cell transfer (genetically engineered)

A
  1. lymphocytes in blood are isolated
  2. retrovirus inserts TCR gene
  3. cells are genetically engineered to grow a shit ton
  4. cells are infused w IL-2
26
Q

infammasome

A

heating up cold tumors

27
Q

platelet plug formation

A

caused by vasoconstriction and aggregation of platelets

28
Q

platelet plug formation

A

platelets bind to collagen (vWF), change shape

29
Q

hemostasis

A

stopping bleeding

30
Q

how do platelets change surface area

A

binding with von Willebrand Factor (vWF)

31
Q

Alpha granules

A

secrete growth factor

long-term wound healing

32
Q

dense granules

A

release ADP n Make thromboxane (TXA2)

33
Q

ADP

A

binds to P2y12, further activates platelets

34
Q

TXA2

A

binds to TP, further activates platelets

35
Q

fibrinogen (liver)

A

causes platelets to adhere to each other

36
Q

proteins in platelets that make them contract

A

actin and myosin

37
Q

generation of thromboxane

A

COX (cyclooxygenase)
thromboxane synthase

38
Q

how long do platelets circulate?

A

7-10 days

39
Q

what removes platelets from blood stream?

A

spleen

40
Q

what produces platelets?

A

bone marrow

41
Q

whats the first thing that happens when a platelet is activated?

A

becomes dendritic

42
Q

what happens when a platelet becomes dendritic

A

releases cytokines, chemokines, and pro-coagulation factors

43
Q

hemostasis steps

A
  1. severed vessel
  2. platelets agglutinate
  3. Fibrin appears
  4. fibrin clot forms
  5. clot retraction occurs
44
Q

what cleaves fibrin into monomers

A

thrombin

45
Q

what do fibrin chains do?

A

stabilizes platelet plug

46
Q

fibrinolysis

A

plasma proteins get trapped in clot; prevents them from destroying it

47
Q

what happens after the clot has stopped the bleeding

A

t-PA converts plasminogen to plasmin; removes unnecessary blood clot

allows for small vessels that were previously blocked to be reopened

48
Q

thrombus

A

blood clot

49
Q

thromboembolism

A

thrombus detatching from either the vessel or a biomaterial

50
Q

biofouling

A

harm the patient or cause dysfunction of implanted device

51
Q

types of biofouling

A

thrombosis
biofilm formation (extracellular polymer on material)

52
Q
A

ebme 201 (1 decks)

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